EPCIS Event Types

Complete reference for all EPCIS event types and sensor measurements in the Battery DPP

5 min read

Masterdata that travels with events — masterDataAvailableFor is GS1 Web Vocabulary (so no gs1: prefix needed — it maps via @context). It can carry lot- or serial-level masterdata that belongs to a specific instance or batch: production batch, declaration references, incident records, regulatory citations. What it must not carry is GTIN-level masterdata (product name, generic specifications, basic technical attributes that apply to every unit of that GTIN) — those live on the resolver, POSTed once via POST /products/{gtin}. Extension vocabularies (battery:, eudr:, textile:, electronics:) must keep their prefix; they are declared in the document's @context.

Disclaimer: This is not official GS1 guidance, but all event patterns follow official GS1/EPCIS standards:

EPCIS 2.0 — ObjectEvent structure, sensorElementList
CBV 2.0 — bizStep (commissioning, inspecting), disposition (active, damaged)
UN/CEFACT Rec 20 — Unit codes (P1, KWH, CEL)

We follow GS1 best practices: events with full provenance (who/what/when/where), sensor metadata, and master data linking. Feedback welcome!

Event Types Overview

The Battery DPP uses EPCIS 2.0 events to capture dynamic battery data throughout its lifecycle. Each event type serves a specific purpose in maintaining the complete battery passport.

Lifecycle Events

Commissioning Event

Purpose: Record battery creation and initial measurements

Field	Value
`@type`	`ObjectEvent`
`action`	`ADD`
`bizStep`	`commissioning`
`disposition`	`active`

Required Sensor Reports:

battery:stateOfHealth (100%)
battery:cycleCount (0)
battery:stateOfCharge

Example:

{
  "@context": "https://ref.gs1.org/standards/epcis/epcis-context.jsonld",
  "type": "ObjectEvent",
  "action": "ADD",
  "bizStep": "commissioning",
  "disposition": "active",
  "epcList": [
    "https://id.gs1.org/01/09521234000013/21/BAT2024-001"
  ],
  "sensorElementList": [
    {
      "sensorReport": [
        {
          "type": "battery:stateOfHealth",
          "value": 100,
          "uom": "P1"
        },
        {
          "type": "battery:cycleCount",
          "value": 0
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "masterDataAvailableFor": [
    {
      "id": "https://id.gs1.org/01/09521234000013/21/BAT2024-001",
      "lotNumber": "BATCH-2024-03-A"
    }
  ]
}

GTIN-level fields (productName, generic specs, batteryCategory) live on the resolver. The batch identifier is lot-level, so it travels with the event in masterDataAvailableFor.

Ownership Transfer Event

Purpose: Record change of ownership or possession

Field	Value
`@type`	`ObjectEvent`
`action`	`OBSERVE`
`bizStep`	`accepting`
`disposition`	`in_transit`

Required Fields:

sourceList with owning_party
destinationList with owning_party
bizTransactionList (PO, invoice)

Example:

{
  "@context": "https://ref.gs1.org/standards/epcis/epcis-context.jsonld",
  "@type": "ObjectEvent",
  "action": "OBSERVE",
  "bizStep": "accepting",
  "disposition": "in_transit",
  "sourceList": [
    {
      "type": "owning_party",
      "source": "https://id.gs1.org/417/9521234000006"
    }
  ],
  "destinationList": [
    {
      "type": "owning_party",
      "destination": "https://id.gs1.org/417/9521987000001"
    }
  ],
  "bizTransactionList": [
    {
      "type": "po",
      "bizTransaction": "https://buyer.example.com/orders/PO-2024-0089"
    }
  ]
}

Regulatory Notification Event

Purpose: Record regulatory compliance status

Field	Value
`@type`	`ObjectEvent`
`action`	`OBSERVE`
`bizStep`	`notifying`
`disposition`	`conformant`

Example:

{
  "@context": "https://ref.gs1.org/standards/epcis/epcis-context.jsonld",
  "type": "ObjectEvent",
  "action": "OBSERVE",
  "bizStep": "notifying",
  "disposition": "conformant",
  "persistentDisposition": {
    "set": [
      "conformant"
    ]
  },
  "epcList": [
    "https://id.gs1.org/01/09521234000013/21/BAT2024-001"
  ],
  "masterDataAvailableFor": [
    {
      "id": "https://id.gs1.org/01/09521234000013/21/BAT2024-001",
      "regulatoryInformation": [
        {
          "regulationType": "BATTERY_DIRECTIVE",
          "regulatoryAct": "EU 2023/1542",
          "regulatoryIdentifierType": "EU_DECLARATION_OF_CONFORMITY",
          "regulatoryReferenceNumber": "DoC-BAT-2024-00123"
        }
      ]
    }
  ]
}

regulatoryInformation is GS1 Web Vocabulary (so no gs1: prefix), and the declaration is serial-specific — it identifies this unit's Declaration of Conformity. It travels with the event inside masterDataAvailableFor. Compliance state is captured as persistentDisposition: "conformant" on the event itself.

Measurement Events

State of Health (SoH)

Purpose: Record battery health status

Field	Value
`@type`	`ObjectEvent`
`action`	`OBSERVE`
`bizStep`	`inspecting`
`disposition`	`active`

Sensor Reports:

Type	Description	Unit
`battery:stateOfHealth`	Capacity-based SoH	P1 (%)
`battery:stateOfCharge`	Current charge level	P1 (%)
`battery:remainingCapacity`	Current max capacity	AH
`battery:remainingEnergy`	Current max energy	KWH
`battery:cycleCount`	Full cycles completed	-
`battery:capacityFade`	Capacity degradation	P1 (%)
`battery:internalResistance`	Pack resistance	OHM
`battery:energyThroughput`	Cumulative energy	KWH

Example:

{
  "sensorReport": [
    { "type": "battery:stateOfHealth", "value": 94.2, "uom": "P1" },
    { "type": "battery:cycleCount", "value": 847 },
    { "type": "battery:capacityFade", "value": 5.8, "uom": "P1" },
    { "type": "battery:internalResistance", "value": 2.4, "uom": "OHM" }
  ]
}

State of Certified Energy (SOCE)

Purpose: Record SOCE per EU Battery Regulation

Sensor Type	Description	Unit
`battery:stateOfCertifiedEnergy`	SOCE percentage	P1 (%)
`battery:capacityThroughput`	Cumulative capacity	AH
`battery:powerFade`	Power degradation	P1 (%)
`battery:roundTripEfficiencyFade`	RTE degradation	P1 (%)
`battery:selfDischargeRate`	Self-discharge rate	P1 (%/month)

Per-instance masterdata (in masterDataAvailableFor):

battery:certifiedUsableEnergy, battery:remainingUsableEnergy — declared values for this unit at this measurement
battery:exhaustionThreshold, battery:expectedRemainingCycles — design + projection for this unit
battery:soceMeasurementId — the measurement record ID

Example:

{
  "@context": [
    "https://ref.openepcis.io/extensions/eu/battery/battery-context.jsonld",
    "https://ref.gs1.org/standards/epcis/epcis-context.jsonld"
  ],
  "type": "ObjectEvent",
  "action": "OBSERVE",
  "bizStep": "inspecting",
  "epcList": [
    "https://id.gs1.org/01/09521234000013/21/BAT2024-001"
  ],
  "sensorElementList": [
    {
      "sensorReport": [
        {
          "type": "battery:stateOfCertifiedEnergy",
          "value": 85.3,
          "uom": "P1"
        },
        {
          "type": "battery:stateOfCertifiedEnergy",
          "battery:certifiedUsableEnergy": {
            "value": "14.3",
            "unitCode": "KWH"
          },
          "battery:remainingUsableEnergy": {
            "value": "12.2",
            "unitCode": "KWH"
          }
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "masterDataAvailableFor": [
    {
      "id": "https://id.gs1.org/01/09521234000013/21/BAT2024-001",
      "battery:exhaustionThreshold": 70,
      "battery:expectedRemainingCycles": 4753,
      "battery:soceMeasurementId": "SOCE-2025-00156"
    }
  ]
}

Carbon Footprint Declaration

Purpose: Record lifecycle carbon footprint

Sensor Type	Description	Unit
`battery:carbonFootprintTotal`	Total lifecycle CFP	KGM (kg CO2e/kWh)
`battery:carbonFootprintRawMaterialExtraction`	Raw material phase	KGM
`battery:carbonFootprintProduction`	Manufacturing phase	KGM
`battery:carbonFootprintDistribution`	Distribution phase	KGM
`battery:carbonFootprintRecycling`	End-of-life phase	KGM

Per-declaration masterdata (in masterDataAvailableFor):

battery:carbonFootprintPerformanceClass (A–E) for this declared footprint
battery:carbonFootprintStudyUrl — link to the study supporting this declaration
battery:carbonFootprintDeclarationId — declaration record ID
battery:calculationStandard — methodology applied

Example:

{
  "@context": [
    "https://ref.openepcis.io/extensions/eu/battery/battery-context.jsonld",
    "https://ref.gs1.org/standards/epcis/epcis-context.jsonld"
  ],
  "type": "ObjectEvent",
  "action": "OBSERVE",
  "bizStep": "inspecting",
  "epcList": [
    "https://id.gs1.org/01/09521234000013/21/BAT2024-001"
  ],
  "sensorElementList": [
    {
      "sensorReport": [
        {
          "type": "battery:carbonFootprintTotal",
          "value": 61.2,
          "uom": "KGM"
        },
        {
          "type": "battery:carbonFootprintRawMaterialExtraction",
          "value": 24.5,
          "uom": "KGM"
        },
        {
          "type": "battery:carbonFootprintProduction",
          "value": 28.3,
          "uom": "KGM"
        },
        {
          "type": "battery:carbonFootprintDistribution",
          "value": 4.2,
          "uom": "KGM"
        },
        {
          "type": "battery:carbonFootprintRecycling",
          "value": 4.2,
          "uom": "KGM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "masterDataAvailableFor": [
    {
      "id": "https://id.gs1.org/01/09521234000013/21/BAT2024-001",
      "battery:carbonFootprintPerformanceClass": "B",
      "battery:calculationStandard": "ISO 14067:2018",
      "battery:carbonFootprintDeclarationId": "CFP-2024-00042"
    }
  ]
}

Adverse Events

Negative Event (Damage/Accident)

Purpose: Record accidents, damage, or safety incidents

Field	Value
`@type`	`ObjectEvent`
`action`	`OBSERVE`
`bizStep`	`inspecting`
`disposition`	`damaged`

Sensor Report Properties:

battery:incidentSeverity - Type of incident (transport_damage, fire, etc.)
battery:eventDate - When the incident occurred

Per-incident masterdata (in masterDataAvailableFor):

battery:incidentId — unique ID for this incident
battery:incidentSeverity — Minor, Moderate, Major, Critical
battery:inspectorId — GLN/GIAI of the inspector
battery:recommendedAction — what to do next

Example:

{
  "@context": [
    "https://ref.openepcis.io/extensions/eu/battery/battery-context.jsonld",
    "https://ref.gs1.org/standards/epcis/epcis-context.jsonld"
  ],
  "type": "ObjectEvent",
  "action": "OBSERVE",
  "bizStep": "inspecting",
  "disposition": "damaged",
  "epcList": [
    "https://id.gs1.org/01/09521234000013/21/BAT2024-001"
  ],
  "battery:incidentSeverity": "Minor",
  "sensorElementList": [
    {
      "sensorReport": [
        {
          "type": "battery:stateOfHealth",
          "value": 93.8,
          "uom": "P1"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "masterDataAvailableFor": [
    {
      "id": "https://id.gs1.org/01/09521234000013/21/BAT2024-001",
      "battery:incidentId": "INC-2025-00023",
      "battery:recommendedAction": "Schedule follow-up inspection in 30 days"
    }
  ]
}

Temperature Excursion

Purpose: Record temperature exposure outside safe limits

Field	Value
`@type`	`ObjectEvent`
`action`	`OBSERVE`
`bizStep`	`inspecting`
`disposition`	`needs_replacement` or `active`

Sensor Types:

battery:maximumTemperature — high temperature exposure
battery:minimumTemperature — low temperature exposure
Temperature — actual temperature reading (GS1 Web Vocabulary, unprefixed)

Additional Properties:

battery:exposureDurationMinutes
battery:exceedanceThreshold
minValue, maxValue, meanValue, sDev

Per-excursion masterdata (in masterDataAvailableFor):

battery:temperatureExcursionId — unique ID for this excursion
battery:exposureEndTime — duration of the excursion
battery:transportConditions — context (carrier, route, etc.)
battery:estimatedImpact — assessor's note on consequence

Example:

{
  "@context": [
    "https://ref.openepcis.io/extensions/eu/battery/battery-context.jsonld",
    "https://ref.gs1.org/standards/epcis/epcis-context.jsonld"
  ],
  "type": "ObjectEvent",
  "action": "OBSERVE",
  "bizStep": "inspecting",
  "disposition": "needs_replacement",
  "epcList": [
    "https://id.gs1.org/01/09521234000013/21/BAT2024-001"
  ],
  "sensorElementList": [
    {
      "sensorReport": [
        {
          "type": "battery:maximumTemperature",
          "value": 65.2,
          "uom": "CEL",
          "minValue": 52.0,
          "maxValue": 65.2,
          "meanValue": 58.4
        },
        {
          "type": "Temperature",
          "value": 65.2,
          "uom": "CEL",
          "battery:exposureDurationMinutes": 127,
          "battery:exceedanceThreshold": 50
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "masterDataAvailableFor": [
    {
      "id": "https://id.gs1.org/01/09521234000013/21/BAT2024-001",
      "battery:temperatureExcursionId": "TEMP-EXC-2025-00089",
      "battery:estimatedImpact": "Potential minor capacity degradation",
      "battery:exposureEndTime": "2025-07-17T08:27:00.000Z"
    }
  ]
}

Sensor Metadata

All sensor measurements should include metadata:

{
  "sensorMetadata": {
    "@type": "sensorMetadata",
    "time": "2025-06-15T09:30:00.000Z",
    "deviceID": "https://id.gs1.org/8004/9521987BMS-001",
    "deviceMetadata": "https://bms-vendor.example.com/devices/BMS-3000",
    "dataProcessingMethod": "https://www.iec.ch/standards/62660-1",
    "bizRules": "SoH measurement per EU Battery Regulation 2023/1542"
  }
}

Field	Description
`time`	When measurement was taken
`deviceID`	GIAI URI of measuring device
`deviceMetadata`	URL to device specifications
`dataProcessingMethod`	Standard used for measurement
`bizRules`	Business rules applied

Unit Codes Reference

All measurements use UN/CEFACT Rec 20 codes:

Measurement	Code	Symbol	Example
Percentage	`P1`	%	SoH, SoC, Fade
Ampere-hour	`AH`	Ah	Capacity
Kilowatt-hour	`KWH`	kWh	Energy
Volt	`VLT`	V	Voltage
Kilowatt	`KWT`	kW	Power
Ohm	`OHM`	Ω	Resistance
Celsius	`CEL`	°C	Temperature
Kilogram	`KGM`	kg	Weight, CO2

bizStep and disposition Values

bizStep (Business Step)

Value	Use Case
`commissioning`	Battery creation
`inspecting`	Measurements, assessments
`accepting`	Ownership transfer
`notifying`	Regulatory notifications
`shipping`	Transport
`receiving`	Receipt at destination

disposition (Disposition)

Value	Use Case
`active`	Normal operation
`in_transit`	Being transported
`conformant`	Compliance confirmed
`damaged`	Physical damage
`needs_replacement`	End of service life

Event Sequence Example

Typical battery lifecycle event sequence:

Order	Event	bizStep	disposition
1	Commissioning	`commissioning`	`active`
2	Regulatory Filing	`notifying`	`conformant`
3	Carbon Footprint	`inspecting`	`active`
4	Sale/Transfer	`accepting`	`in_transit`
5	Periodic SoH	`inspecting`	`active`
6	Incident (if any)	`inspecting`	`damaged`
7	SOCE Measurement	`inspecting`	`active`
8+	Ongoing monitoring	`inspecting`	varies

EPCIS Event Types

Complete reference for all EPCIS event types and sensor measurements in the Battery DPP

5 min read

Disclaimer: This is not official GS1 guidance, but all event patterns follow official GS1/EPCIS standards:

EPCIS 2.0 — ObjectEvent structure, sensorElementList
CBV 2.0 — bizStep (commissioning, inspecting), disposition (active, damaged)
UN/CEFACT Rec 20 — Unit codes (P1, KWH, CEL)

We follow GS1 best practices: events with full provenance (who/what/when/where), sensor metadata, and master data linking. Feedback welcome!

Event Types Overview

The Battery DPP uses EPCIS 2.0 events to capture dynamic battery data throughout its lifecycle. Each event type serves a specific purpose in maintaining the complete battery passport.

Lifecycle Events

Commissioning Event

Purpose: Record battery creation and initial measurements

Field	Value
`@type`	`ObjectEvent`
`action`	`ADD`
`bizStep`	`commissioning`
`disposition`	`active`

Required Sensor Reports:

battery:stateOfHealth (100%)
battery:cycleCount (0)
battery:stateOfCharge

Example:

{
  "@context": "https://ref.gs1.org/standards/epcis/epcis-context.jsonld",
  "type": "ObjectEvent",
  "action": "ADD",
  "bizStep": "commissioning",
  "disposition": "active",
  "epcList": [
    "https://id.gs1.org/01/09521234000013/21/BAT2024-001"
  ],
  "sensorElementList": [
    {
      "sensorReport": [
        {
          "type": "battery:stateOfHealth",
          "value": 100,
          "uom": "P1"
        },
        {
          "type": "battery:cycleCount",
          "value": 0
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "masterDataAvailableFor": [
    {
      "id": "https://id.gs1.org/01/09521234000013/21/BAT2024-001",
      "lotNumber": "BATCH-2024-03-A"
    }
  ]
}

GTIN-level fields (productName, generic specs, batteryCategory) live on the resolver. The batch identifier is lot-level, so it travels with the event in masterDataAvailableFor.

Ownership Transfer Event

Purpose: Record change of ownership or possession

Field	Value
`@type`	`ObjectEvent`
`action`	`OBSERVE`
`bizStep`	`accepting`
`disposition`	`in_transit`

Required Fields:

sourceList with owning_party
destinationList with owning_party
bizTransactionList (PO, invoice)

Example:

{
  "@context": "https://ref.gs1.org/standards/epcis/epcis-context.jsonld",
  "@type": "ObjectEvent",
  "action": "OBSERVE",
  "bizStep": "accepting",
  "disposition": "in_transit",
  "sourceList": [
    {
      "type": "owning_party",
      "source": "https://id.gs1.org/417/9521234000006"
    }
  ],
  "destinationList": [
    {
      "type": "owning_party",
      "destination": "https://id.gs1.org/417/9521987000001"
    }
  ],
  "bizTransactionList": [
    {
      "type": "po",
      "bizTransaction": "https://buyer.example.com/orders/PO-2024-0089"
    }
  ]
}

Regulatory Notification Event

Purpose: Record regulatory compliance status

Field	Value
`@type`	`ObjectEvent`
`action`	`OBSERVE`
`bizStep`	`notifying`
`disposition`	`conformant`

Example:

{
  "@context": "https://ref.gs1.org/standards/epcis/epcis-context.jsonld",
  "type": "ObjectEvent",
  "action": "OBSERVE",
  "bizStep": "notifying",
  "disposition": "conformant",
  "persistentDisposition": {
    "set": [
      "conformant"
    ]
  },
  "epcList": [
    "https://id.gs1.org/01/09521234000013/21/BAT2024-001"
  ],
  "masterDataAvailableFor": [
    {
      "id": "https://id.gs1.org/01/09521234000013/21/BAT2024-001",
      "regulatoryInformation": [
        {
          "regulationType": "BATTERY_DIRECTIVE",
          "regulatoryAct": "EU 2023/1542",
          "regulatoryIdentifierType": "EU_DECLARATION_OF_CONFORMITY",
          "regulatoryReferenceNumber": "DoC-BAT-2024-00123"
        }
      ]
    }
  ]
}

Measurement Events

State of Health (SoH)

Purpose: Record battery health status

Field	Value
`@type`	`ObjectEvent`
`action`	`OBSERVE`
`bizStep`	`inspecting`
`disposition`	`active`

Sensor Reports:

Type	Description	Unit
`battery:stateOfHealth`	Capacity-based SoH	P1 (%)
`battery:stateOfCharge`	Current charge level	P1 (%)
`battery:remainingCapacity`	Current max capacity	AH
`battery:remainingEnergy`	Current max energy	KWH
`battery:cycleCount`	Full cycles completed	-
`battery:capacityFade`	Capacity degradation	P1 (%)
`battery:internalResistance`	Pack resistance	OHM
`battery:energyThroughput`	Cumulative energy	KWH

Example:

{
  "sensorReport": [
    { "type": "battery:stateOfHealth", "value": 94.2, "uom": "P1" },
    { "type": "battery:cycleCount", "value": 847 },
    { "type": "battery:capacityFade", "value": 5.8, "uom": "P1" },
    { "type": "battery:internalResistance", "value": 2.4, "uom": "OHM" }
  ]
}

State of Certified Energy (SOCE)

Purpose: Record SOCE per EU Battery Regulation

Sensor Type	Description	Unit
`battery:stateOfCertifiedEnergy`	SOCE percentage	P1 (%)
`battery:capacityThroughput`	Cumulative capacity	AH
`battery:powerFade`	Power degradation	P1 (%)
`battery:roundTripEfficiencyFade`	RTE degradation	P1 (%)
`battery:selfDischargeRate`	Self-discharge rate	P1 (%/month)

Per-instance masterdata (in masterDataAvailableFor):

battery:certifiedUsableEnergy, battery:remainingUsableEnergy — declared values for this unit at this measurement
battery:exhaustionThreshold, battery:expectedRemainingCycles — design + projection for this unit
battery:soceMeasurementId — the measurement record ID

Example:

{
  "@context": [
    "https://ref.openepcis.io/extensions/eu/battery/battery-context.jsonld",
    "https://ref.gs1.org/standards/epcis/epcis-context.jsonld"
  ],
  "type": "ObjectEvent",
  "action": "OBSERVE",
  "bizStep": "inspecting",
  "epcList": [
    "https://id.gs1.org/01/09521234000013/21/BAT2024-001"
  ],
  "sensorElementList": [
    {
      "sensorReport": [
        {
          "type": "battery:stateOfCertifiedEnergy",
          "value": 85.3,
          "uom": "P1"
        },
        {
          "type": "battery:stateOfCertifiedEnergy",
          "battery:certifiedUsableEnergy": {
            "value": "14.3",
            "unitCode": "KWH"
          },
          "battery:remainingUsableEnergy": {
            "value": "12.2",
            "unitCode": "KWH"
          }
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "masterDataAvailableFor": [
    {
      "id": "https://id.gs1.org/01/09521234000013/21/BAT2024-001",
      "battery:exhaustionThreshold": 70,
      "battery:expectedRemainingCycles": 4753,
      "battery:soceMeasurementId": "SOCE-2025-00156"
    }
  ]
}

Carbon Footprint Declaration

Purpose: Record lifecycle carbon footprint

Sensor Type	Description	Unit
`battery:carbonFootprintTotal`	Total lifecycle CFP	KGM (kg CO2e/kWh)
`battery:carbonFootprintRawMaterialExtraction`	Raw material phase	KGM
`battery:carbonFootprintProduction`	Manufacturing phase	KGM
`battery:carbonFootprintDistribution`	Distribution phase	KGM
`battery:carbonFootprintRecycling`	End-of-life phase	KGM

Per-declaration masterdata (in masterDataAvailableFor):

battery:carbonFootprintPerformanceClass (A–E) for this declared footprint
battery:carbonFootprintStudyUrl — link to the study supporting this declaration
battery:carbonFootprintDeclarationId — declaration record ID
battery:calculationStandard — methodology applied

Example:

{
  "@context": [
    "https://ref.openepcis.io/extensions/eu/battery/battery-context.jsonld",
    "https://ref.gs1.org/standards/epcis/epcis-context.jsonld"
  ],
  "type": "ObjectEvent",
  "action": "OBSERVE",
  "bizStep": "inspecting",
  "epcList": [
    "https://id.gs1.org/01/09521234000013/21/BAT2024-001"
  ],
  "sensorElementList": [
    {
      "sensorReport": [
        {
          "type": "battery:carbonFootprintTotal",
          "value": 61.2,
          "uom": "KGM"
        },
        {
          "type": "battery:carbonFootprintRawMaterialExtraction",
          "value": 24.5,
          "uom": "KGM"
        },
        {
          "type": "battery:carbonFootprintProduction",
          "value": 28.3,
          "uom": "KGM"
        },
        {
          "type": "battery:carbonFootprintDistribution",
          "value": 4.2,
          "uom": "KGM"
        },
        {
          "type": "battery:carbonFootprintRecycling",
          "value": 4.2,
          "uom": "KGM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "masterDataAvailableFor": [
    {
      "id": "https://id.gs1.org/01/09521234000013/21/BAT2024-001",
      "battery:carbonFootprintPerformanceClass": "B",
      "battery:calculationStandard": "ISO 14067:2018",
      "battery:carbonFootprintDeclarationId": "CFP-2024-00042"
    }
  ]
}

Adverse Events

Negative Event (Damage/Accident)

Purpose: Record accidents, damage, or safety incidents

Field	Value
`@type`	`ObjectEvent`
`action`	`OBSERVE`
`bizStep`	`inspecting`
`disposition`	`damaged`

Sensor Report Properties:

battery:incidentSeverity - Type of incident (transport_damage, fire, etc.)
battery:eventDate - When the incident occurred

Per-incident masterdata (in masterDataAvailableFor):

battery:incidentId — unique ID for this incident
battery:incidentSeverity — Minor, Moderate, Major, Critical
battery:inspectorId — GLN/GIAI of the inspector
battery:recommendedAction — what to do next

Example:

{
  "@context": [
    "https://ref.openepcis.io/extensions/eu/battery/battery-context.jsonld",
    "https://ref.gs1.org/standards/epcis/epcis-context.jsonld"
  ],
  "type": "ObjectEvent",
  "action": "OBSERVE",
  "bizStep": "inspecting",
  "disposition": "damaged",
  "epcList": [
    "https://id.gs1.org/01/09521234000013/21/BAT2024-001"
  ],
  "battery:incidentSeverity": "Minor",
  "sensorElementList": [
    {
      "sensorReport": [
        {
          "type": "battery:stateOfHealth",
          "value": 93.8,
          "uom": "P1"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "masterDataAvailableFor": [
    {
      "id": "https://id.gs1.org/01/09521234000013/21/BAT2024-001",
      "battery:incidentId": "INC-2025-00023",
      "battery:recommendedAction": "Schedule follow-up inspection in 30 days"
    }
  ]
}

Temperature Excursion

Purpose: Record temperature exposure outside safe limits

Field	Value
`@type`	`ObjectEvent`
`action`	`OBSERVE`
`bizStep`	`inspecting`
`disposition`	`needs_replacement` or `active`

Sensor Types:

battery:maximumTemperature — high temperature exposure
battery:minimumTemperature — low temperature exposure
Temperature — actual temperature reading (GS1 Web Vocabulary, unprefixed)

Additional Properties:

battery:exposureDurationMinutes
battery:exceedanceThreshold
minValue, maxValue, meanValue, sDev

Per-excursion masterdata (in masterDataAvailableFor):

battery:temperatureExcursionId — unique ID for this excursion
battery:exposureEndTime — duration of the excursion
battery:transportConditions — context (carrier, route, etc.)
battery:estimatedImpact — assessor's note on consequence

Example:

{
  "@context": [
    "https://ref.openepcis.io/extensions/eu/battery/battery-context.jsonld",
    "https://ref.gs1.org/standards/epcis/epcis-context.jsonld"
  ],
  "type": "ObjectEvent",
  "action": "OBSERVE",
  "bizStep": "inspecting",
  "disposition": "needs_replacement",
  "epcList": [
    "https://id.gs1.org/01/09521234000013/21/BAT2024-001"
  ],
  "sensorElementList": [
    {
      "sensorReport": [
        {
          "type": "battery:maximumTemperature",
          "value": 65.2,
          "uom": "CEL",
          "minValue": 52.0,
          "maxValue": 65.2,
          "meanValue": 58.4
        },
        {
          "type": "Temperature",
          "value": 65.2,
          "uom": "CEL",
          "battery:exposureDurationMinutes": 127,
          "battery:exceedanceThreshold": 50
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "masterDataAvailableFor": [
    {
      "id": "https://id.gs1.org/01/09521234000013/21/BAT2024-001",
      "battery:temperatureExcursionId": "TEMP-EXC-2025-00089",
      "battery:estimatedImpact": "Potential minor capacity degradation",
      "battery:exposureEndTime": "2025-07-17T08:27:00.000Z"
    }
  ]
}

Sensor Metadata

All sensor measurements should include metadata:

{
  "sensorMetadata": {
    "@type": "sensorMetadata",
    "time": "2025-06-15T09:30:00.000Z",
    "deviceID": "https://id.gs1.org/8004/9521987BMS-001",
    "deviceMetadata": "https://bms-vendor.example.com/devices/BMS-3000",
    "dataProcessingMethod": "https://www.iec.ch/standards/62660-1",
    "bizRules": "SoH measurement per EU Battery Regulation 2023/1542"
  }
}

Field	Description
`time`	When measurement was taken
`deviceID`	GIAI URI of measuring device
`deviceMetadata`	URL to device specifications
`dataProcessingMethod`	Standard used for measurement
`bizRules`	Business rules applied

Unit Codes Reference

All measurements use UN/CEFACT Rec 20 codes:

Measurement	Code	Symbol	Example
Percentage	`P1`	%	SoH, SoC, Fade
Ampere-hour	`AH`	Ah	Capacity
Kilowatt-hour	`KWH`	kWh	Energy
Volt	`VLT`	V	Voltage
Kilowatt	`KWT`	kW	Power
Ohm	`OHM`	Ω	Resistance
Celsius	`CEL`	°C	Temperature
Kilogram	`KGM`	kg	Weight, CO2

bizStep and disposition Values

bizStep (Business Step)

Value	Use Case
`commissioning`	Battery creation
`inspecting`	Measurements, assessments
`accepting`	Ownership transfer
`notifying`	Regulatory notifications
`shipping`	Transport
`receiving`	Receipt at destination

disposition (Disposition)

Value	Use Case
`active`	Normal operation
`in_transit`	Being transported
`conformant`	Compliance confirmed
`damaged`	Physical damage
`needs_replacement`	End of service life

Event Sequence Example

Typical battery lifecycle event sequence:

Order	Event	bizStep	disposition
1	Commissioning	`commissioning`	`active`
2	Regulatory Filing	`notifying`	`conformant`
3	Carbon Footprint	`inspecting`	`active`
4	Sale/Transfer	`accepting`	`in_transit`
5	Periodic SoH	`inspecting`	`active`
6	Incident (if any)	`inspecting`	`damaged`
7	SOCE Measurement	`inspecting`	`active`
8+	Ongoing monitoring	`inspecting`	varies