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list.","heroicons-outline:finger-print",[16,121,60,61,62,63,20,122,123,124,69,70],"event-hash","event","hash","generator",[16,121,60,61,62,63,20,122,123,124,69,70],{"title":127,"path":128,"stem":129,"children":130,"description":132,"icon":133,"tags":152},"Test Data Generator","/docs/test-data-generator","docs/07.test-data-generator/index",[131,135],{"title":127,"path":128,"stem":129,"description":132,"icon":133,"tags":134},"OpenEPCIS solution to generate a large set of EPCIS test data events for all use cases/supply chain requirements.","heroicons-outline:cog",[16,121,60,61,62,63,20,122,123,124,69,70],{"title":136,"path":137,"stem":138,"children":139,"description":132,"icon":141,"tags":151},"EPCIS Implementation 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purposes","heroicons-outline:archive-box",[16,60,61,143,20,162,34,147,148,149,150],"performance-tests",[16,60,61,143,20,162,34,147,148,149,150],{"title":165,"path":166,"stem":167,"children":168,"description":170,"icon":171,"tags":178},"Vocabulary Management","/docs/vocabulary-management","docs/09.vocabulary-management/index",[169],{"title":165,"path":166,"stem":167,"description":170,"icon":171,"tags":172},"Collection of standardized constants and strings for EPCIS event data.","heroicons-outline:book-open",[16,173,15,174,20,175,34,176,148,149,177],"constants","centralization","standardization","vocabulary","data-dictionary",[16,173,15,174,20,175,34,176,148,149,177],{"title":180,"path":181,"stem":182,"children":183,"description":185,"icon":186,"tags":202},"Dependency Management","/docs/dependency-management","docs/10.dependency-management/index",[184],{"title":180,"path":181,"stem":182,"description":185,"icon":186,"tags":187},"Centralized Maven Bill of Materials (BOM) for all the OpenEPCIS modules.","heroicons-outline:folder",[188,15,189,190,191,192,193,30,194,195,196,197,198,199,200,201],"maven-bom","dependency-management","java-dependencies","pom","software-dependencies","version-control","open-source-java","build-management","modular-software","dependency-resolution","java-libraries","maven-project","centralized-dependencies","dependency-consistency",[188,15,189,190,191,192,193,30,194,195,196,197,198,199,200,201],{"title":204,"path":205,"stem":206,"children":207,"description":209,"icon":210,"tags":390},"Digital Product Passport","/docs/digital-product-passport","docs/11.digital-product-passport/index",[208,217,229,261,295,322,336,345,353,363],{"title":204,"path":205,"stem":206,"description":209,"icon":210,"tags":211},"Introduction to Digital Product Passport and how EPCIS enables product traceability for DPP compliance.","heroicons-outline:identification",[212,213,214,30,215,34,216],"digital-product-passport","dpp","eu-regulation","sustainability","circular-economy",{"title":218,"path":219,"stem":220,"children":221,"description":223,"icon":224,"tags":228},"ESPR Framework","/docs/digital-product-passport/espr-framework","docs/11.digital-product-passport/00.espr-framework/index",[222],{"title":218,"path":219,"stem":220,"description":223,"icon":224,"tags":225},"Guide to the EU Ecodesign for Sustainable Products Regulation (ESPR) 2024/1781 and how OpenEPCIS supports Digital Product Passport requirements.","heroicons-outline:shield-check",[226,227,215,213,214],"espr","ecodesign",[226,227,215,213,214],{"title":230,"path":231,"stem":232,"children":233,"description":235,"icon":236,"tags":260},"Battery DPP","/docs/digital-product-passport/battery-dpp","docs/11.digital-product-passport/01.battery-dpp/index",[234,240,245,251],{"title":230,"path":231,"stem":232,"description":235,"icon":236,"tags":237},"GS1-native implementation of EU Battery Regulation 2023/1542 Digital Product Passport using EPCIS 2.0","heroicons:battery-100",[238,239,213,30,101,34,215],"battery","eu-battery-regulation",{"title":241,"path":242,"stem":243,"description":244,"icon":171},"Implementation Guide","/docs/digital-product-passport/battery-dpp/implementation-guide","docs/11.digital-product-passport/01.battery-dpp/01.implementation-guide","Step-by-step guide for implementing a GS1-native Battery Digital Product Passport with OpenEPCIS extensions",{"title":246,"path":247,"stem":248,"description":249,"icon":250},"Event Types","/docs/digital-product-passport/battery-dpp/event-types","docs/11.digital-product-passport/01.battery-dpp/02.event-types","Complete reference for all EPCIS event types and sensor measurements in the Battery DPP","heroicons-outline:collection",{"title":252,"path":253,"stem":254,"description":255,"icon":13,"tags":256},"Complete Examples","/docs/digital-product-passport/battery-dpp/complete-examples","docs/11.digital-product-passport/01.battery-dpp/05.complete-examples","Reference Battery Digital Product Passport examples mapped to EU Battery Regulation 2023/1542 Annex XIII",[238,257,258,61,259],"examples","annex-xiii","carbon-footprint",[238,239,213,30,101,34,215],{"title":262,"path":263,"stem":264,"children":265,"description":267,"icon":268,"tags":294},"EUDR","/docs/digital-product-passport/eudr","docs/11.digital-product-passport/02.eudr/index",[266,273,278,282,287],{"title":262,"path":263,"stem":264,"description":267,"icon":268,"tags":269},"GS1-native implementation of EU Deforestation Regulation 2023/1115 compliance using EPCIS 2.0","heroicons-outline:globe-europe-africa",[270,271,272,213,30,101,34,215],"eudr","deforestation","timber",{"title":241,"path":274,"stem":275,"description":276,"icon":277},"/docs/digital-product-passport/eudr/implementation-guide","docs/11.digital-product-passport/02.eudr/01.implementation-guide","Step-by-step guide for implementing EU Deforestation Regulation compliance using GS1 standards",null,{"title":246,"path":279,"stem":280,"description":281,"icon":277},"/docs/digital-product-passport/eudr/event-types","docs/11.digital-product-passport/02.eudr/02.event-types","EPCIS event types for EU Deforestation Regulation compliance",{"title":283,"path":284,"stem":285,"description":286,"icon":277},"URL Patterns","/docs/digital-product-passport/eudr/url-patterns","docs/11.digital-product-passport/02.eudr/03.url-patterns","GS1 Digital Link URL patterns for EUDR implementations",{"title":252,"path":288,"stem":289,"description":290,"icon":13,"tags":291},"/docs/digital-product-passport/eudr/complete-examples","docs/11.digital-product-passport/02.eudr/04.complete-examples","Reference EUDR examples — timber product passport, derived product, regulatory notification, harvesting / origin-declaration / processing / supply-chain-transfer / exemption events",[270,257,272,292,293],"due-diligence","geolocation",[270,271,272,213,30,101,34,215],{"title":296,"path":297,"stem":298,"children":299,"description":301,"icon":302,"tags":321},"Textile DPP","/docs/digital-product-passport/textile","docs/11.digital-product-passport/03.textile/index",[300,308,315],{"title":296,"path":297,"stem":298,"description":301,"icon":302,"tags":303},"Digital Product Passport vocabulary for textiles and apparel under the EU Sustainable Textiles Strategy and ESPR 2024/1781.","heroicons-outline:sparkles",[304,305,306,213,215,307],"textile","apparel","footwear","fibre-composition",{"title":241,"path":309,"stem":310,"description":311,"icon":312,"tags":313},"/docs/digital-product-passport/textile/implementation-guide","docs/11.digital-product-passport/03.textile/01.implementation-guide","How to assemble a Textile Digital Product Passport against the published openepcis-dpp-ready textile vocabulary","heroicons-outline:scissors",[304,305,306,314],"implementation",{"title":252,"path":316,"stem":317,"description":318,"icon":13,"tags":319},"/docs/digital-product-passport/textile/complete-examples","docs/11.digital-product-passport/03.textile/02.complete-examples","Reference Textile Digital Product Passport documents covering apparel and footwear",[304,257,305,306,320,61],"fiber-composition",[304,305,306,213,215,307],{"title":323,"path":324,"stem":325,"children":326,"description":328,"icon":58,"tags":335},"Interoperability","/docs/digital-product-passport/interoperability","docs/11.digital-product-passport/04.interoperability/index",[327],{"title":323,"path":324,"stem":325,"description":328,"icon":58,"tags":329},"Guide to OpenEPCIS DPP interoperability with GS1, UNTP, CIRPASS2, and ESPR standards.",[330,331,101,332,226,333,334],"interoperability","untp","cirpass2","standards","alignment",[330,331,101,332,226,333,334],{"title":337,"path":338,"stem":339,"description":340,"icon":28,"tags":341},"DPP Resolution Flow","/docs/digital-product-passport/dpp-resolution-flow","docs/11.digital-product-passport/05.dpp-resolution-flow","How OpenEPCIS combined GS1 Digital Link, the IETF linkset format and content negotiation into one DPP resolution flow",[342,95,343,344],"walkthrough","linkset","content-negotiation",{"title":346,"path":347,"stem":348,"description":349,"icon":350,"tags":351},"Resolver Setup","/docs/digital-product-passport/resolver-setup","docs/11.digital-product-passport/06.resolver-setup","How to expose your DPP behind a GS1 Digital Link resolver","heroicons-outline:server",[352,95,343],"resolver",{"title":354,"path":355,"stem":356,"description":357,"icon":358,"tags":359},"Multi-Component Example","/docs/digital-product-passport/multi-component-example","docs/11.digital-product-passport/07.multi-component-example","How a composite product references separately-passported components via standard GS1 Digital Link and EPCIS aggregation","heroicons-outline:puzzle-piece",[360,361,362,332],"example","components","aggregation",{"title":364,"path":365,"stem":366,"children":367,"description":369,"icon":370,"tags":389},"Electronics DPP","/docs/digital-product-passport/electronics","docs/11.digital-product-passport/08.electronics/index",[368,377,382],{"title":364,"path":365,"stem":366,"description":369,"icon":370,"tags":371},"Digital Product Passport vocabulary for electronic devices under ESPR, the French Repairability Index, EU Right to Repair and WEEE.","heroicons-outline:device-phone-mobile",[372,373,374,375,376],"electronics","repairability","weee","energy-label","right-to-repair",{"title":241,"path":378,"stem":379,"description":380,"icon":171,"tags":381},"/docs/digital-product-passport/electronics/implementation-guide","docs/11.digital-product-passport/08.electronics/01.implementation-guide","How to assemble an Electronics Digital Product Passport against the published openepcis-dpp-ready electronics vocabulary",[372,314,373,374,375],{"title":252,"path":383,"stem":384,"description":385,"icon":13,"tags":386},"/docs/digital-product-passport/electronics/complete-examples","docs/11.digital-product-passport/08.electronics/02.complete-examples","Reference Electronics Digital Product Passport documents covering smartphone, laptop, display and server",[372,257,387,388,61],"smartphone","laptop",[372,373,374,375,376],[212,213,214,30,215,34,216],{"title":392,"path":393,"stem":394,"children":395,"description":397,"icon":398},"OpenEPCIS Overview","/docs/platform-overview","docs/14.platform-overview/index",[396,399,405,411,417],{"title":392,"path":393,"stem":394,"description":397,"icon":398},"A GS1-conformant supply-chain data platform — Resolver, Masterdata, EPCIS Events — in open source and business editions.","lucide:layout-dashboard",{"title":400,"path":401,"stem":402,"description":403,"icon":404},"Architecture","/docs/platform-overview/architecture","docs/14.platform-overview/01.architecture","How OpenEPCIS handles identity, isolation, events, and GS1 conformance — the four things that distinguish the platform.","lucide:cpu",{"title":406,"path":407,"stem":408,"description":409,"icon":410},"Feature Matrix","/docs/platform-overview/feature-matrix","docs/14.platform-overview/02.feature-matrix","OpenEPCIS capabilities by edition, aligned to the relevant GS1 standards.","lucide:check-square",{"title":412,"path":413,"stem":414,"description":415,"icon":416},"Roadmap","/docs/platform-overview/roadmap","docs/14.platform-overview/03.roadmap","Three horizons — Now, Next, Later. Skeleton awaiting user-confirmed dates.","lucide:map",{"title":418,"path":419,"stem":420,"children":421,"description":423,"icon":424},"Modules","/docs/platform-overview/modules","docs/14.platform-overview/modules/index",[422,425,431,437,443,449,455,461],{"title":418,"path":419,"stem":420,"description":423,"icon":424},"Seven module families that organise the OpenEPCIS platform — Resolver, Masterdata, EPCIS Events, Formats & Validation, Integration, Testdata, Platform.","lucide:layers",{"title":426,"path":427,"stem":428,"description":429,"icon":430},"GS1 Conformant Resolver","/docs/platform-overview/modules/resolver","docs/14.platform-overview/modules/01.resolver","Resolves GS1 Digital Link URIs to product information, masterdata, EPCIS endpoints, and twelve more standard link types.","lucide:link-2",{"title":432,"path":433,"stem":434,"description":435,"icon":436},"GS1 Web Vocabulary & Masterdata","/docs/platform-overview/modules/masterdata","docs/14.platform-overview/modules/02.masterdata","Web Vocabulary models, masterdata-to-resolver REST pattern, GS1 Germany Activate Plus / GEPIR sync, and the event-driven masterdata bus.","lucide:database",{"title":438,"path":439,"stem":440,"description":441,"icon":442},"EPCIS Events — Capture, Query, Subscriptions","/docs/platform-overview/modules/epcis-events","docs/14.platform-overview/modules/03.epcis-events","EPCIS 2.0 REST and SOAP, live streaming subscriptions, resilient pagination, OpenSearch event store.","lucide:activity",{"title":444,"path":445,"stem":446,"description":447,"icon":448},"Formats, Validation & Identity","/docs/platform-overview/modules/formats","docs/14.platform-overview/modules/04.formats","XML ↔ JSON-LD conversion, multi-layer validation, identifier translation, idempotent event hashing.","lucide:file-check",{"title":450,"path":451,"stem":452,"description":453,"icon":454},"Integration & Gateways","/docs/platform-overview/modules/integration","docs/14.platform-overview/modules/05.integration","Cloud storage, file service, natural-language AI assistant.","lucide:plug",{"title":456,"path":457,"stem":458,"description":459,"icon":460},"Testdata & Developer Tooling","/docs/platform-overview/modules/testdata","docs/14.platform-overview/modules/06.testdata","Synthetic EPCIS test event generation, reference event collections, conformance test suite, SDKs.","lucide:wrench",{"title":462,"path":463,"stem":464,"description":465,"icon":466},"Platform, Build & Observability","/docs/platform-overview/modules/platform","docs/14.platform-overview/modules/07.platform","How OpenEPCIS is built, deployed, and observed.","lucide:server",{"title":468,"path":469,"stem":470,"children":471,"description":473,"icon":28,"tags":482},"Vision","/docs/vision","docs/15.vision/index",[472],{"title":468,"path":469,"stem":470,"description":473,"icon":28,"tags":474},"How UNTP, DIDs, Verifiable Credentials, and EPCIS work together to create unified product identity infrastructure for the connected supply chain.",[475,476,477,478,331,479,480,481],"vision","digital-twin","did","verifiable-credentials","rfid","industry-4-0","web-3-0",[475,476,477,478,331,479,480,481],{"id":484,"title":485,"body":486,"description":473,"extension":2981,"icon":28,"lastUpdated":2982,"meta":2983,"navigation":2994,"path":469,"seo":2996,"sitemap":2997,"stem":470,"__hash__":3001},"docsEN/docs/15.vision/index.md","The Digital Twin Vision",{"type":487,"value":488,"toc":2912},"minimark",[489,494,498,501,564,567,571,574,579,584,596,601,604,617,624,634,638,641,648,653,721,725,732,735,738,741,745,748,755,759,762,766,837,841,844,937,942,960,964,1012,1017,1020,1024,1027,1031,1034,1039,1053,1059,1063,1066,1071,1097,1102,1106,1141,1146,1161,1165,1168,1172,1178,1182,1185,1199,1203,1206,1283,1290,1297,1301,1304,1308,1311,1322,1325,1345,1349,1356,1364,1369,1375,1385,1389,1446,1450,1457,1463,1469,1475,1481,1485,1488,1492,1495,1529,1543,1547,1611,1615,1620,1631,1636,1647,1652,1663,1667,1670,1674,1677,1682,1693,1697,1700,1800,1804,1810,1816,1822,1826,1860,1864,1874,1877,1897,1901,1904,1908,1911,1978,1982,1989,2003,2007,2041,2044,2048,2051,2077,2083,2086,2090,2093,2097,2249,2253,2325,2329,2332,2354,2358,2361,2375,2379,2451,2455,2461,2464,2468,2471,2510,2514,2577,2581,2585,2588,2672,2676,2681,2695,2700,2714,2718,2742,2745,2749,2753,2758,2793,2798,2823,2827,2850,2854,2859,2885,2890,2908],[490,491,493],"h2",{"id":492},"introduction-beyond-the-product-label","Introduction: Beyond the Product Label",[495,496,497],"p",{},"When a consumer scans a QR code on a product, they see information: materials, origin, sustainability data. What they don't see is the infrastructure that makes it trustworthy and secure.",[495,499,500],{},"Beneath that simple scan lies a sophisticated trust architecture built on three pillars:",[502,503,504,520],"table",{},[505,506,507],"thead",{},[508,509,510,514,517],"tr",{},[511,512,513],"th",{},"Pillar",[511,515,516],{},"Function",[511,518,519],{},"Technology",[521,522,523,538,551],"tbody",{},[508,524,525,532,535],{},[526,527,528],"td",{},[529,530,531],"strong",{},"Identification",[526,533,534],{},"Who/what is this?",[526,536,537],{},"DIDs (Decentralized Identifiers), GS1 Digital Link",[508,539,540,545,548],{},[526,541,542],{},[529,543,544],{},"Credentials",[526,546,547],{},"What claims can be verified?",[526,549,550],{},"Verifiable Credentials (VCs), trust anchors",[508,552,553,558,561],{},[526,554,555],{},[529,556,557],{},"Events",[526,559,560],{},"What happened to this product?",[526,562,563],{},"EPCIS 2.0, supply chain tracking",[495,565,566],{},"This document explains how these technologies converge to create a unified approach to product identity infrastructure, and why EPCIS serves as the universal glue layer that ties everything together.",[490,568,570],{"id":569},"the-rfid-origin-story-why-epcis-exists","The RFID Origin Story: Why EPCIS Exists",[495,572,573],{},"To understand why EPCIS matters, we need to understand the problem it was designed to solve.",[575,576,578],"h3",{"id":577},"the-data-integration-nightmare","The Data Integration Nightmare",[495,580,581],{},[529,582,583],{},"1970s-1990s: The Barcode Revolution",[495,585,586,587,591,592,595],{},"Barcodes revolutionized point-of-sale operations but had a fundamental limitation: they identified product ",[588,589,590],"em",{},"types",", not individual ",[588,593,594],{},"items",". Every can of soup with the same barcode was indistinguishable from every other can.",[495,597,598],{},[529,599,600],{},"1990s-2000s: The RFID Promise",[495,602,603],{},"Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID) promised item-level visibility. Each product could have a unique identifier, enabling:",[605,606,607,611,614],"ul",{},[608,609,610],"li",{},"Real-time inventory tracking",[608,612,613],{},"Anti-counterfeiting at the item level",[608,615,616],{},"Automated supply chain operations",[495,618,619,620,623],{},"But RFID created a new problem: ",[529,621,622],{},"data integration chaos",". Different RFID systems used different data formats. A tag read at a manufacturer's warehouse couldn't be meaningfully combined with a tag read at a retailer's distribution center.",[495,625,626,629,630,633],{},[529,627,628],{},"The Gap",": How do you capture ",[588,631,632],{},"what happened"," to products when the identification technology keeps changing?",[575,635,637],{"id":636},"mit-auto-id-center-1999-2003","MIT Auto-ID Center (1999-2003)",[495,639,640],{},"The MIT Auto-ID Center was founded at MIT in 1999 to address this challenge. The consortium drew in researchers, partner universities, and dozens of sponsor companies from retail, consumer goods, and logistics.",[495,642,643,644,647],{},"Their key insight: RFID needs a ",[529,645,646],{},"common language"," for describing events, independent of the specific hardware or protocol used.",[495,649,650],{},[529,651,652],{},"Timeline:",[502,654,655,665],{},[505,656,657],{},[508,658,659,662],{},[511,660,661],{},"Year",[511,663,664],{},"Development",[521,666,667,675,683,694,702,710],{},[508,668,669,672],{},[526,670,671],{},"1999",[526,673,674],{},"MIT Auto-ID Center founded (RFID focus)",[508,676,677,680],{},[526,678,679],{},"2003",[526,681,682],{},"Auto-ID Center work transitioned to EPCglobal, a joint venture of EAN International and the Uniform Code Council (which merged in 2005 to form GS1)",[508,684,685,688],{},[526,686,687],{},"~2007",[526,689,690,693],{},[529,691,692],{},"EPCIS 1.0 ratified"," as a GS1 EPCglobal standard, building on (and ultimately superseding) the earlier Physical Markup Language (PML) work",[508,695,696,699],{},[526,697,698],{},"2014",[526,700,701],{},"EPCIS 1.1",[508,703,704,707],{},[526,705,706],{},"2016",[526,708,709],{},"EPCIS 1.2",[508,711,712,715],{},[526,713,714],{},"2022",[526,716,717,720],{},[529,718,719],{},"EPCIS 2.0"," — JSON-LD, sensor data, Web URIs",[575,722,724],{"id":723},"technology-agnostic-by-design","Technology-Agnostic by Design",[495,726,727,728,731],{},"Here's what makes EPCIS so valuable: ",[529,729,730],{},"it was designed to be technology-agnostic from the very beginning",".",[495,733,734],{},"While RFID made the need for such a standard undeniably clear, organizations still working with barcodes recognised the same potential. The event model was intentionally designed to work regardless of the underlying identification technology.",[495,736,737],{},"The standard's RFID-oriented origins didn't constrain its adoption: EPCIS is in use today in deployments that rely entirely on barcodes, or on barcodes in combination with RFID. The same event model works for any auto-ID technology — barcodes, RFID, QR codes, NFC, or IoT sensors.",[495,739,740],{},"EPCIS 2.0 continued this tradition by bridging to GS1 Digital Link and full 2D code support - again, not by coincidence but by intentional design to meet the evolving needs of global supply chains.",[575,742,744],{"id":743},"why-the-standard-matters-today","Why the standard matters today",[495,746,747],{},"RFID adoption keeps accelerating — pushed by retailer mandates for item-level tagging, by item-level inventory and anti-shrinkage programmes, and by the spread of battery-free sensor tags that report temperature, humidity, and other supply-chain conditions. Each new wave of carriers and sensors lands in the same event model.",[495,749,750,751,754],{},"That's the point: as auto-ID technologies evolve, organisations need ",[529,752,753],{},"one"," event model that works regardless of the data carrier. EPCIS is that model.",[490,756,758],{"id":757},"_2d-codes-the-consumer-bridge","2D Codes: The Consumer Bridge",[495,760,761],{},"While RFID excels in logistics and warehouses, 2D codes provide the essential bridge to consumers.",[575,763,765],{"id":764},"why-both-technologies-matter","Why Both Technologies Matter",[502,767,768,781],{},[505,769,770],{},[508,771,772,775,778],{},[511,773,774],{},"Context",[511,776,777],{},"Preferred Technology",[511,779,780],{},"Reason",[521,782,783,794,804,815,826],{},[508,784,785,788,791],{},[526,786,787],{},"Warehouse dock door",[526,789,790],{},"RFID",[526,792,793],{},"High-speed bulk scanning, no line-of-sight needed",[508,795,796,799,801],{},[526,797,798],{},"Retail inventory",[526,800,790],{},[526,802,803],{},"Rapid store-wide inventory counts",[508,805,806,809,812],{},[526,807,808],{},"Consumer access",[526,810,811],{},"QR Code",[526,813,814],{},"Universal smartphone scanning",[508,816,817,820,823],{},[526,818,819],{},"Small components",[526,821,822],{},"DataMatrix",[526,824,825],{},"Fits on PCBs, medical devices, tiny parts",[508,827,828,831,834],{},[526,829,830],{},"Authentication tap",[526,832,833],{},"NFC",[526,835,836],{},"Quick, intuitive user experience",[575,838,840],{"id":839},"qr-code-vs-datamatrix","QR Code vs DataMatrix",[495,842,843],{},"Both 2D code types can carry GS1 Digital Link URIs, but they serve different use cases:",[502,845,846,857],{},[505,847,848],{},[508,849,850,853,855],{},[511,851,852],{},"Feature",[511,854,811],{},[511,856,822],{},[521,858,859,872,885,898,911,924],{},[508,860,861,866,869],{},[526,862,863],{},[529,864,865],{},"Capacity",[526,867,868],{},"Up to 4,296 alphanumeric",[526,870,871],{},"Up to 2,335 alphanumeric",[508,873,874,879,882],{},[526,875,876],{},[529,877,878],{},"Error correction",[526,880,881],{},"Up to 30% recovery",[526,883,884],{},"Up to 25% recovery",[508,886,887,892,895],{},[526,888,889],{},[529,890,891],{},"Minimum size",[526,893,894],{},"~21x21 modules",[526,896,897],{},"~10x10 modules",[508,899,900,905,908],{},[526,901,902],{},[529,903,904],{},"Primary scanner",[526,906,907],{},"Any smartphone camera",[526,909,910],{},"Industrial scanners preferred",[508,912,913,918,921],{},[526,914,915],{},[529,916,917],{},"Primary use",[526,919,920],{},"Consumer-facing, marketing",[526,922,923],{},"Industrial, healthcare, small parts",[508,925,926,931,934],{},[526,927,928],{},[529,929,930],{},"GS1 standard",[526,932,933],{},"GS1 QR Code",[526,935,936],{},"GS1 DataMatrix",[495,938,939],{},[529,940,941],{},"Use case differentiation:",[605,943,944,949,954],{},[608,945,946,948],{},[529,947,811],{},": Consumer scans DPP on product packaging, marketing campaigns, retail displays",[608,950,951,953],{},[529,952,822],{},": Small electronics components, pharmaceutical vials, medical devices, PCB marking",[608,955,956,959],{},[529,957,958],{},"Both",": Encode GS1 Digital Link URIs that resolve to the same product information",[575,961,963],{"id":962},"the-key-principle","The Key Principle",[965,966,971],"pre",{"className":967,"code":968,"language":969,"meta":970,"style":970},"language-mermaid shiki shiki-themes material-theme-lighter github-light github-dark monokai","flowchart LR\n    qr[\"Consumer QR scan\"] --> dl[\"GS1 Digital Link URI\"]\n    dm[\"DataMatrix in factory\"] --> dl\n    rfid[\"RFID at warehouse dock\"] --> dl\n    nfc[\"NFC at retail checkout\"] --> dl\n    dl --> ev[\"EPCIS Events\"]\n","mermaid","",[972,973,974,982,988,994,1000,1006],"code",{"__ignoreMap":970},[975,976,979],"span",{"class":977,"line":978},"line",1,[975,980,981],{},"flowchart LR\n",[975,983,985],{"class":977,"line":984},2,[975,986,987],{},"    qr[\"Consumer QR scan\"] --> dl[\"GS1 Digital Link URI\"]\n",[975,989,991],{"class":977,"line":990},3,[975,992,993],{},"    dm[\"DataMatrix in factory\"] --> dl\n",[975,995,997],{"class":977,"line":996},4,[975,998,999],{},"    rfid[\"RFID at warehouse dock\"] --> dl\n",[975,1001,1003],{"class":977,"line":1002},5,[975,1004,1005],{},"    nfc[\"NFC at retail checkout\"] --> dl\n",[975,1007,1009],{"class":977,"line":1008},6,[975,1010,1011],{},"    dl --> ev[\"EPCIS Events\"]\n",[495,1013,1014],{},[529,1015,1016],{},"EPCIS doesn't care HOW you identified the product. It captures WHAT happened.",[495,1018,1019],{},"This technology-agnostic design is why a system built in 2007 for RFID handles 2D codes, NFC, and IoT sensors without architectural changes.",[490,1021,1023],{"id":1022},"industry-40-and-web-30-the-convergence","Industry 4.0 and Web 3.0: The Convergence",[495,1025,1026],{},"Two major technology movements are converging on the same infrastructure needs that EPCIS addresses.",[575,1028,1030],{"id":1029},"industry-40-smart-manufacturing","Industry 4.0 (Smart Manufacturing)",[495,1032,1033],{},"Industry 4.0 refers to the fourth industrial revolution: cyber-physical systems, IoT, and data-driven manufacturing.",[495,1035,1036],{},[529,1037,1038],{},"Characteristics:",[605,1040,1041,1044,1047,1050],{},[608,1042,1043],{},"RFID/IoT sensors on production lines generating real-time events",[608,1045,1046],{},"Digital twins synchronized with physical products",[608,1048,1049],{},"Predictive maintenance from sensor data",[608,1051,1052],{},"Cyber-physical systems: physical products with digital identities",[495,1054,1055,1058],{},[529,1056,1057],{},"EPCIS Connection:"," The \"How\" dimension (sensor data) in EPCIS 2.0 was designed precisely for this use case. Temperature, humidity, location, and other sensor readings are captured as part of the event model.",[575,1060,1062],{"id":1061},"web-30-decentralized-web","Web 3.0 (Decentralized Web)",[495,1064,1065],{},"Web 3.0 encompasses technologies for decentralized trust and self-sovereign identity.",[495,1067,1068],{},[529,1069,1070],{},"Core concepts:",[605,1072,1073,1079,1085,1091],{},[608,1074,1075,1078],{},[529,1076,1077],{},"DIDs",": Self-sovereign identifiers (no central authority required)",[608,1080,1081,1084],{},[529,1082,1083],{},"VCs",": Cryptographically verifiable claims",[608,1086,1087,1090],{},[529,1088,1089],{},"Selective disclosure",": Privacy-preserving data sharing",[608,1092,1093,1096],{},[529,1094,1095],{},"Trustless verification",": Verify without trusting the data provider",[495,1098,1099,1101],{},[529,1100,1057],{}," EPCIS 2.0's JSON-LD format and Web URI identifiers align with the semantic web foundation of Web 3.0 technologies.",[575,1103,1105],{"id":1104},"where-they-meet","Where They Meet",[965,1107,1109],{"className":967,"code":1108,"language":969,"meta":970,"style":970},"flowchart TD\n    i4[\"\u003Cb>Industry 4.0\u003C/b>\u003Cbr/>RFID / IoT sensors\u003Cbr/>real-time tracking\u003Cbr/>digital twin sync\u003Cbr/>predictive analytics\u003Cbr/>smart-factory events\"]\n    w3[\"\u003Cb>Web 3.0\u003C/b>\u003Cbr/>DIDs for product identity\u003Cbr/>VCs for attestation\u003Cbr/>selective disclosure\u003Cbr/>trustless verification\u003Cbr/>decentralized trust\"]\n    epcis[\"\u003Cb>EPCIS 2.0 — the glue\u003C/b>\u003Cbr/>tech-agnostic events\u003Cbr/>JSON-LD data model\u003Cbr/>sensor data (How)\u003Cbr/>Web URI identifiers\u003Cbr/>5 dimensions: What · When · Where · Why · How\"]\n    i4 --> epcis\n    w3 --> epcis\n",[972,1110,1111,1116,1121,1126,1131,1136],{"__ignoreMap":970},[975,1112,1113],{"class":977,"line":978},[975,1114,1115],{},"flowchart TD\n",[975,1117,1118],{"class":977,"line":984},[975,1119,1120],{},"    i4[\"\u003Cb>Industry 4.0\u003C/b>\u003Cbr/>RFID / IoT sensors\u003Cbr/>real-time tracking\u003Cbr/>digital twin sync\u003Cbr/>predictive analytics\u003Cbr/>smart-factory events\"]\n",[975,1122,1123],{"class":977,"line":990},[975,1124,1125],{},"    w3[\"\u003Cb>Web 3.0\u003C/b>\u003Cbr/>DIDs for product identity\u003Cbr/>VCs for attestation\u003Cbr/>selective disclosure\u003Cbr/>trustless verification\u003Cbr/>decentralized trust\"]\n",[975,1127,1128],{"class":977,"line":996},[975,1129,1130],{},"    epcis[\"\u003Cb>EPCIS 2.0 — the glue\u003C/b>\u003Cbr/>tech-agnostic events\u003Cbr/>JSON-LD data model\u003Cbr/>sensor data (How)\u003Cbr/>Web URI identifiers\u003Cbr/>5 dimensions: What · When · Where · Why · How\"]\n",[975,1132,1133],{"class":977,"line":1002},[975,1134,1135],{},"    i4 --> epcis\n",[975,1137,1138],{"class":977,"line":1008},[975,1139,1140],{},"    w3 --> epcis\n",[495,1142,1143],{},[529,1144,1145],{},"Practical example:",[1147,1148,1149,1152,1155,1158],"ol",{},[608,1150,1151],{},"Smart factory: RFID tag on component triggers EPCIS event",[608,1153,1154],{},"EPCIS event updates digital twin representation",[608,1156,1157],{},"Quality test passes → Verifiable Credential issued",[608,1159,1160],{},"Downstream buyer scans QR → sees selective disclosure based on authorization",[490,1162,1164],{"id":1163},"un-transparency-protocol-untp","UN Transparency Protocol (UNTP)",[495,1166,1167],{},"The UN Transparency Protocol is a UN/CEFACT initiative to enable interoperable digital credentials for global trade.",[575,1169,1171],{"id":1170},"background","Background",[495,1173,1174,1177],{},[529,1175,1176],{},"UN/CEFACT"," (United Nations Centre for Trade Facilitation and Electronic Business) has developed standards for international trade for decades. UNTP is their approach to supply-chain transparency in the digital age.",[575,1179,1181],{"id":1180},"untp-goals","UNTP Goals",[495,1183,1184],{},"UNTP aims to:",[605,1186,1187,1190,1193,1196],{},[608,1188,1189],{},"Enable interoperable sustainability credentials across borders",[608,1191,1192],{},"Provide common vocabulary for product footprint data",[608,1194,1195],{},"Support verifiable claims about origin, materials, and environmental impact",[608,1197,1198],{},"Remain technology-neutral while providing clear implementation patterns",[575,1200,1202],{"id":1201},"openepcis-alignment","OpenEPCIS Alignment",[495,1204,1205],{},"OpenEPCIS aligns with UNTP through semantic property mappings:",[502,1207,1208,1221],{},[505,1209,1210],{},[508,1211,1212,1215,1218],{},[511,1213,1214],{},"OpenEPCIS Property",[511,1216,1217],{},"UNTP Equivalent",[511,1219,1220],{},"Description",[521,1222,1223,1238,1253,1268],{},[508,1224,1225,1230,1235],{},[526,1226,1227],{},[972,1228,1229],{},"dpp:carbonFootprintTotal",[526,1231,1232],{},[972,1233,1234],{},"untp:carbonFootprint",[526,1236,1237],{},"Total emissions (kg CO2e)",[508,1239,1240,1245,1250],{},[526,1241,1242],{},[972,1243,1244],{},"dpp:recycledContent",[526,1246,1247],{},[972,1248,1249],{},"untp:recycledContent",[526,1251,1252],{},"Recycled material fraction",[508,1254,1255,1260,1265],{},[526,1256,1257],{},[972,1258,1259],{},"dpp:recyclableContent",[526,1261,1262],{},[972,1263,1264],{},"untp:recyclableContent",[526,1266,1267],{},"Recyclable fraction",[508,1269,1270,1275,1280],{},[526,1271,1272],{},[972,1273,1274],{},"dpp:verifiedRatio",[526,1276,1277],{},[972,1278,1279],{},"untp:verifiedRatio",[526,1281,1282],{},"Supply chain verification",[495,1284,1285,1286,1289],{},"These mappings use ",[972,1287,1288],{},"owl:equivalentProperty"," declarations, enabling data to flow between systems without loss of semantic meaning.",[495,1291,1292,1293,731],{},"For detailed mapping information, see the ",[1294,1295,1296],"a",{"href":324},"Interoperability Guide",[490,1298,1300],{"id":1299},"decentralized-identifiers-dids","Decentralized Identifiers (DIDs)",[495,1302,1303],{},"Decentralized Identifiers represent a fundamental shift in how we think about digital identity.",[575,1305,1307],{"id":1306},"the-problem-with-centralized-identifiers","The Problem with Centralized Identifiers",[495,1309,1310],{},"Traditional identifiers depend on central authorities:",[605,1312,1313,1316,1319],{},[608,1314,1315],{},"Domain names require DNS registries",[608,1317,1318],{},"Product codes require GS1 membership",[608,1320,1321],{},"User accounts require platform operators",[495,1323,1324],{},"This creates:",[605,1326,1327,1333,1339],{},[608,1328,1329,1332],{},[529,1330,1331],{},"Single points of failure"," - Registry down = identifiers unusable",[608,1334,1335,1338],{},[529,1336,1337],{},"Permission dependencies"," - Need approval to create identifiers",[608,1340,1341,1344],{},[529,1342,1343],{},"Censorship vectors"," - Authorities can revoke identifiers",[575,1346,1348],{"id":1347},"did-structure","DID Structure",[495,1350,1351,1352,1355],{},"A DID is a URI that resolves to a ",[529,1353,1354],{},"DID Document"," containing verification methods and service endpoints:",[965,1357,1362],{"className":1358,"code":1360,"language":1361},[1359],"language-text","did:method:identifier\n│   │      │\n│   │      └── Unique identifier within the method\n│   └── DID method (defines resolution mechanism)\n└── DID scheme\n","text",[972,1363,1360],{"__ignoreMap":970},[495,1365,1366],{},[529,1367,1368],{},"Example:",[965,1370,1373],{"className":1371,"code":1372,"language":1361},[1359],"did:web:example.com:products:12345\n",[972,1374,1372],{"__ignoreMap":970},[495,1376,1377,1378,1381,1382,731],{},"This DID uses the ",[972,1379,1380],{},"web"," method and resolves to a DID Document hosted at ",[972,1383,1384],{},"example.com",[575,1386,1388],{"id":1387},"dids-in-supply-chains","DIDs in Supply Chains",[502,1390,1391,1401],{},[505,1392,1393],{},[508,1394,1395,1398],{},[511,1396,1397],{},"Use Case",[511,1399,1400],{},"DID Application",[521,1402,1403,1416,1426,1436],{},[508,1404,1405,1410],{},[526,1406,1407],{},[529,1408,1409],{},"Organization identity",[526,1411,1412,1415],{},[972,1413,1414],{},"did:web:company.com"," - Verifiable organization identity",[508,1417,1418,1423],{},[526,1419,1420],{},[529,1421,1422],{},"Product identity",[526,1424,1425],{},"Future: DIDs linked to GS1 identifiers for decentralized resolution",[508,1427,1428,1433],{},[526,1429,1430],{},[529,1431,1432],{},"Credential issuers",[526,1434,1435],{},"DID identifies who issued a sustainability certification",[508,1437,1438,1443],{},[526,1439,1440],{},[529,1441,1442],{},"Event attestation",[526,1444,1445],{},"DID signs EPCIS events for non-repudiation",[575,1447,1449],{"id":1448},"gs1-digital-link-relationship","GS1 Digital Link Relationship",[495,1451,1452,1453,1456],{},"Currently, GS1 Digital Link provides ",[529,1454,1455],{},"resolver-based"," resolution:",[965,1458,1461],{"className":1459,"code":1460,"language":1361},[1359],"https://id.gs1.org/01/09521141012345 → Resolves via GS1 infrastructure\n",[972,1462,1460],{"__ignoreMap":970},[495,1464,1465,1466,1456],{},"DIDs provide ",[529,1467,1468],{},"decentralized",[965,1470,1473],{"className":1471,"code":1472,"language":1361},[1359],"did:web:company.com:product:09521141012345 → Resolves via DID Document\n",[972,1474,1472],{"__ignoreMap":970},[495,1476,1477,1480],{},[529,1478,1479],{},"The convergence:"," Organizations can use both approaches. GS1 Digital Link provides immediate compatibility with existing infrastructure, while DIDs enable decentralized verification when needed.",[490,1482,1484],{"id":1483},"verifiable-credentials-vcs","Verifiable Credentials (VCs)",[495,1486,1487],{},"Verifiable Credentials are the trust layer that makes claims about products and organizations cryptographically verifiable.",[575,1489,1491],{"id":1490},"the-credential-model","The Credential Model",[495,1493,1494],{},"VCs follow a three-party model:",[965,1496,1498],{"className":967,"code":1497,"language":969,"meta":970,"style":970},"flowchart LR\n    issuer[\"\u003Cb>Issuer\u003C/b>\u003Cbr/>certifier · lab · auditor\"]\n    holder[\"\u003Cb>Holder\u003C/b>\u003Cbr/>manufacturer · brand · supplier\"]\n    verifier[\"\u003Cb>Verifier\u003C/b>\u003Cbr/>buyer · customs · consumer\"]\n    issuer -- \"issues VC\" --> holder\n    holder -- \"presents VC\" --> verifier\n",[972,1499,1500,1504,1509,1514,1519,1524],{"__ignoreMap":970},[975,1501,1502],{"class":977,"line":978},[975,1503,981],{},[975,1505,1506],{"class":977,"line":984},[975,1507,1508],{},"    issuer[\"\u003Cb>Issuer\u003C/b>\u003Cbr/>certifier · lab · auditor\"]\n",[975,1510,1511],{"class":977,"line":990},[975,1512,1513],{},"    holder[\"\u003Cb>Holder\u003C/b>\u003Cbr/>manufacturer · brand · supplier\"]\n",[975,1515,1516],{"class":977,"line":996},[975,1517,1518],{},"    verifier[\"\u003Cb>Verifier\u003C/b>\u003Cbr/>buyer · customs · consumer\"]\n",[975,1520,1521],{"class":977,"line":1002},[975,1522,1523],{},"    issuer -- \"issues VC\" --> holder\n",[975,1525,1526],{"class":977,"line":1008},[975,1527,1528],{},"    holder -- \"presents VC\" --> verifier\n",[495,1530,1531,1534,1535,1538,1539,1542],{},[529,1532,1533],{},"Issuer"," — creates and cryptographically signs the credential.\n",[529,1536,1537],{},"Holder"," — stores the credential and presents it when needed.\n",[529,1540,1541],{},"Verifier"," — checks the credential's validity and the issuer's authority.",[575,1544,1546],{"id":1545},"why-vcs-matter-for-supply-chains","Why VCs Matter for Supply Chains",[502,1548,1549,1559],{},[505,1550,1551],{},[508,1552,1553,1556],{},[511,1554,1555],{},"Challenge",[511,1557,1558],{},"VC Solution",[521,1560,1561,1571,1581,1591,1601],{},[508,1562,1563,1568],{},[526,1564,1565],{},[529,1566,1567],{},"Trust in claims",[526,1569,1570],{},"Cryptographic proof of who made the claim",[508,1572,1573,1578],{},[526,1574,1575],{},[529,1576,1577],{},"Certificate fraud",[526,1579,1580],{},"Cannot forge credentials without issuer's keys",[508,1582,1583,1588],{},[526,1584,1585],{},[529,1586,1587],{},"Audit trail",[526,1589,1590],{},"Credentials are timestamped and immutable",[508,1592,1593,1598],{},[526,1594,1595],{},[529,1596,1597],{},"Portability",[526,1599,1600],{},"Credentials travel with products across systems",[508,1602,1603,1608],{},[526,1604,1605],{},[529,1606,1607],{},"Revocation",[526,1609,1610],{},"Issuers can revoke invalid credentials",[575,1612,1614],{"id":1613},"vc-types-in-supply-chains","VC Types in Supply Chains",[495,1616,1617],{},[529,1618,1619],{},"Conformity Credentials:",[605,1621,1622,1625,1628],{},[608,1623,1624],{},"Lab test results",[608,1626,1627],{},"Certification assessments (ISO, organic, fair trade)",[608,1629,1630],{},"Regulatory compliance attestations",[495,1632,1633],{},[529,1634,1635],{},"Traceability Events:",[605,1637,1638,1641,1644],{},[608,1639,1640],{},"EPCIS events signed as VCs",[608,1642,1643],{},"Chain of custody attestations",[608,1645,1646],{},"Transformation records",[495,1648,1649],{},[529,1650,1651],{},"Digital Product Passports:",[605,1653,1654,1657,1660],{},[608,1655,1656],{},"DPP as a comprehensive VC",[608,1658,1659],{},"Contains product identity + sustainability data + supply chain history",[608,1661,1662],{},"Issued by manufacturer, verified by anyone",[490,1664,1666],{"id":1665},"selective-disclosure-the-game-changer","Selective Disclosure: The Game Changer",[495,1668,1669],{},"Selective disclosure may be the most underestimated capability in this stack. It solves the fundamental tension between transparency and confidentiality.",[575,1671,1673],{"id":1672},"the-problem-all-or-nothing-doesnt-work","The Problem: All-or-Nothing Doesn't Work",[495,1675,1676],{},"Traditional data sharing is binary: either you share everything or nothing.",[495,1678,1679],{},[529,1680,1681],{},"Real business scenarios:",[605,1683,1684,1687,1690],{},[608,1685,1686],{},"A consumer wants to know if a product is sustainable; the manufacturer wants to surface the headline claim without naming individual suppliers downstream.",[608,1688,1689],{},"Customs needs to verify origin and certification; the importer wants to keep tier-2 supplier identities and contract details out of the customs payload.",[608,1691,1692],{},"A recycler needs full material composition for safe processing; the brand wants to surface that without disclosing the specific manufacturing recipe or tooling.",[575,1694,1696],{"id":1695},"what-selective-disclosure-enables","What Selective Disclosure Enables",[495,1698,1699],{},"With selective disclosure, the same credential can reveal different information to different requestors:",[502,1701,1702,1718],{},[505,1703,1704],{},[508,1705,1706,1709,1712,1715],{},[511,1707,1708],{},"Requestor",[511,1710,1711],{},"What They Need",[511,1713,1714],{},"What They Get",[511,1716,1717],{},"What Stays Private",[521,1719,1720,1736,1752,1768,1784],{},[508,1721,1722,1727,1730,1733],{},[526,1723,1724],{},[529,1725,1726],{},"Consumer",[526,1728,1729],{},"Sustainability claim",[526,1731,1732],{},"Overall rating, recyclability symbol",[526,1734,1735],{},"Tier-2 supplier names, internal cost data",[508,1737,1738,1743,1746,1749],{},[526,1739,1740],{},[529,1741,1742],{},"Competitor",[526,1744,1745],{},"Compliance check",[526,1747,1748],{},"Basic conformity status",[526,1750,1751],{},"Material sources, manufacturing recipes",[508,1753,1754,1759,1762,1765],{},[526,1755,1756],{},[529,1757,1758],{},"Customs",[526,1760,1761],{},"Origin + certification",[526,1763,1764],{},"Country of origin, EUIS reference, certifications",[526,1766,1767],{},"Tier-2 supplier identities, contract details",[508,1769,1770,1775,1778,1781],{},[526,1771,1772],{},[529,1773,1774],{},"Authorised auditor",[526,1776,1777],{},"Full compliance evidence",[526,1779,1780],{},"Complete data",[526,1782,1783],{},"— (authorised, no redaction)",[508,1785,1786,1791,1794,1797],{},[526,1787,1788],{},[529,1789,1790],{},"Recycler",[526,1792,1793],{},"Material composition",[526,1795,1796],{},"Detailed materials and hazards",[526,1798,1799],{},"Manufacturing process specifics",[575,1801,1803],{"id":1802},"technical-approaches","Technical Approaches",[495,1805,1806,1809],{},[529,1807,1808],{},"BBS+ Signatures:","\nProve specific claims from a signed credential without revealing the entire credential. A holder can prove \"recycled content > 30%\" without revealing the exact percentage.",[495,1811,1812,1815],{},[529,1813,1814],{},"Zero-Knowledge Proofs:","\nProve properties about values without revealing the values themselves. Prove \"carbon footprint \u003C 50 kg CO2e\" without revealing it's actually 42.5 kg CO2e.",[495,1817,1818,1821],{},[529,1819,1820],{},"Derived Credentials:","\nCreate limited-scope credentials from full credentials for specific sharing contexts.",[575,1823,1825],{"id":1824},"real-world-implementation","Real-World Implementation",[965,1827,1829],{"className":967,"code":1828,"language":969,"meta":970,"style":970},"flowchart TD\n    qr[\"Same QR code on product\"] --> auth[\"\u003Cb>Authorisation check\u003C/b>\u003Cbr/>who is scanning? · what role? · what context?\"]\n    auth --> consumer[\"Consumer app\u003Cbr/>sustainability score, repair info\"]\n    auth --> customs[\"Customs system\u003Cbr/>origin, certifications, HS codes\"]\n    auth --> recycler[\"Recycler portal\u003Cbr/>material breakdown, disassembly\"]\n    auth --> auditor[\"Authorised auditor\u003Cbr/>full credential, all data\"]\n",[972,1830,1831,1835,1840,1845,1850,1855],{"__ignoreMap":970},[975,1832,1833],{"class":977,"line":978},[975,1834,1115],{},[975,1836,1837],{"class":977,"line":984},[975,1838,1839],{},"    qr[\"Same QR code on product\"] --> auth[\"\u003Cb>Authorisation check\u003C/b>\u003Cbr/>who is scanning? · what role? · what context?\"]\n",[975,1841,1842],{"class":977,"line":990},[975,1843,1844],{},"    auth --> consumer[\"Consumer app\u003Cbr/>sustainability score, repair info\"]\n",[975,1846,1847],{"class":977,"line":996},[975,1848,1849],{},"    auth --> customs[\"Customs system\u003Cbr/>origin, certifications, HS codes\"]\n",[975,1851,1852],{"class":977,"line":1002},[975,1853,1854],{},"    auth --> recycler[\"Recycler portal\u003Cbr/>material breakdown, disassembly\"]\n",[975,1856,1857],{"class":977,"line":1008},[975,1858,1859],{},"    auth --> auditor[\"Authorised auditor\u003Cbr/>full credential, all data\"]\n",[575,1861,1863],{"id":1862},"why-this-is-underestimated","Why This Is Underestimated",[495,1865,1866,1867,1870,1871,731],{},"Most DPP discussions focus on ",[529,1868,1869],{},"what data to share",". Selective disclosure answers the harder question: ",[529,1872,1873],{},"how to share different data with different parties from the same source",[495,1875,1876],{},"This is the missing piece for enterprise adoption. Businesses won't participate in transparency initiatives if it means revealing trade secrets to competitors. Selective disclosure enables:",[605,1878,1879,1885,1891],{},[608,1880,1881,1884],{},[529,1882,1883],{},"Contextual authorization",": Same QR code, different data based on who scans it",[608,1886,1887,1890],{},[529,1888,1889],{},"Graduated trust",": More access with stronger credentials",[608,1892,1893,1896],{},[529,1894,1895],{},"Compliance without exposure",": Prove compliance without revealing how",[490,1898,1900],{"id":1899},"the-digital-twin-continuum","The Digital Twin Continuum",[495,1902,1903],{},"\"Digital twin\" has become a buzzword that obscures more than it illuminates. Let's demystify it.",[575,1905,1907],{"id":1906},"what-people-mean-by-digital-twin","What People Mean by \"Digital Twin\"",[495,1909,1910],{},"The term covers a spectrum of concepts:",[502,1912,1913,1929],{},[505,1914,1915],{},[508,1916,1917,1920,1923,1926],{},[511,1918,1919],{},"Term",[511,1921,1922],{},"Data Richness",[511,1924,1925],{},"Update Frequency",[511,1927,1928],{},"Primary Use",[521,1930,1931,1947,1962],{},[508,1932,1933,1938,1941,1944],{},[526,1934,1935],{},[529,1936,1937],{},"Product information",[526,1939,1940],{},"Basic specs",[526,1942,1943],{},"Static",[526,1945,1946],{},"Marketing, retail",[508,1948,1949,1953,1956,1959],{},[526,1950,1951],{},[529,1952,204],{},[526,1954,1955],{},"Lifecycle data",[526,1957,1958],{},"Event-driven",[526,1960,1961],{},"Regulatory compliance",[508,1963,1964,1969,1972,1975],{},[526,1965,1966],{},[529,1967,1968],{},"Digital twin",[526,1970,1971],{},"Real-time state",[526,1973,1974],{},"Continuous",[526,1976,1977],{},"Operations, simulation",[575,1979,1981],{"id":1980},"dpp-is-one-flavor","DPP Is One Flavor",[495,1983,1984,1985,1988],{},"A Digital Product Passport is a ",[529,1986,1987],{},"specific regulatory flavor"," of digital twin:",[605,1990,1991,1994,1997,2000],{},[608,1992,1993],{},"Mandated by ESPR (Ecodesign for Sustainable Products Regulation)",[608,1995,1996],{},"Focused on sustainability and circularity data",[608,1998,1999],{},"Accessed via data carriers (QR, NFC, RFID)",[608,2001,2002],{},"Updated at key lifecycle events",[575,2004,2006],{"id":2005},"the-spectrum","The Spectrum",[965,2008,2010],{"className":967,"code":2009,"language":969,"meta":970,"style":970},"flowchart LR\n    ds[\"\u003Cb>Product datasheet\u003C/b>\u003Cbr/>basic specs · one-time\u003Cbr/>(marketing)\"]\n    dpp[\"\u003Cb>Digital Product Passport\u003C/b>\u003Cbr/>lifecycle data · event updates\u003Cbr/>(compliance)\"]\n    cp[\"\u003Cb>Connected product\u003C/b>\u003Cbr/>operational data · periodic updates\u003Cbr/>(service)\"]\n    dt[\"\u003Cb>Live digital twin\u003C/b>\u003Cbr/>continuous sync · real-time\u003Cbr/>(operations)\"]\n    ds --> dpp --> cp --> dt\n",[972,2011,2012,2016,2021,2026,2031,2036],{"__ignoreMap":970},[975,2013,2014],{"class":977,"line":978},[975,2015,981],{},[975,2017,2018],{"class":977,"line":984},[975,2019,2020],{},"    ds[\"\u003Cb>Product datasheet\u003C/b>\u003Cbr/>basic specs · one-time\u003Cbr/>(marketing)\"]\n",[975,2022,2023],{"class":977,"line":990},[975,2024,2025],{},"    dpp[\"\u003Cb>Digital Product Passport\u003C/b>\u003Cbr/>lifecycle data · event updates\u003Cbr/>(compliance)\"]\n",[975,2027,2028],{"class":977,"line":996},[975,2029,2030],{},"    cp[\"\u003Cb>Connected product\u003C/b>\u003Cbr/>operational data · periodic updates\u003Cbr/>(service)\"]\n",[975,2032,2033],{"class":977,"line":1002},[975,2034,2035],{},"    dt[\"\u003Cb>Live digital twin\u003C/b>\u003Cbr/>continuous sync · real-time\u003Cbr/>(operations)\"]\n",[975,2037,2038],{"class":977,"line":1008},[975,2039,2040],{},"    ds --> dpp --> cp --> dt\n",[495,2042,2043],{},"Static → real-time, increasing in data richness and update frequency.",[575,2045,2047],{"id":2046},"why-terminology-matters","Why Terminology Matters",[495,2049,2050],{},"Different audiences use different terms for overlapping concepts:",[605,2052,2053,2059,2065,2071],{},[608,2054,2055,2058],{},[529,2056,2057],{},"Regulators"," talk about Digital Product Passports",[608,2060,2061,2064],{},[529,2062,2063],{},"Manufacturers"," talk about digital twins",[608,2066,2067,2070],{},[529,2068,2069],{},"IT vendors"," talk about connected products",[608,2072,2073,2076],{},[529,2074,2075],{},"Sustainability teams"," talk about product footprints",[495,2078,2079,2082],{},[529,2080,2081],{},"They're all describing variations of the same infrastructure need:"," a digital representation of a physical product that can be accessed, updated, and verified throughout its lifecycle.",[495,2084,2085],{},"OpenEPCIS provides the event backbone that works across this entire spectrum.",[490,2087,2089],{"id":2088},"epcis-the-universal-event-glue","EPCIS: The Universal Event Glue",[495,2091,2092],{},"EPCIS serves as the universal glue layer that connects all these technologies.",[575,2094,2096],{"id":2095},"the-architecture","The Architecture",[965,2098,2100],{"className":967,"code":2099,"language":969,"meta":970,"style":970},"flowchart TD\n    subgraph carriers[\"Physical data carriers\"]\n        bc[\"Barcode (1974)\"]\n        rfid[\"RFID at supply-chain scale (~1999)\"]\n        dm[\"DataMatrix (2000s)\"]\n        qr[\"QR (2010s)\"]\n        nfc[\"NFC (2020s)\"]\n        iot[\"IoT / BLE (future)\"]\n    end\n    carriers --> events\n\n    subgraph events[\"EPCIS 2.0 events — five dimensions\"]\n        what[\"\u003Cb>What\u003C/b>\u003Cbr/>product ID\"]\n        when[\"\u003Cb>When\u003C/b>\u003Cbr/>timestamp\"]\n        where[\"\u003Cb>Where\u003C/b>\u003Cbr/>location · GLN\"]\n        why[\"\u003Cb>Why\u003C/b>\u003Cbr/>business step\"]\n        how[\"\u003Cb>How\u003C/b>\u003Cbr/>sensor data\"]\n    end\n    events --> apps\n\n    subgraph apps[\"Application layer\"]\n        dpp[\"Digital Product Passport\"]\n        vc[\"Verifiable Credentials\"]\n        comp[\"Regulatory compliance\u003Cbr/>(ESPR, DSCSA, …)\"]\n        twin[\"Digital twin systems\"]\n    end\n",[972,2101,2102,2106,2111,2116,2121,2126,2131,2137,2143,2149,2155,2162,2168,2174,2180,2186,2192,2198,2203,2209,2214,2220,2226,2232,2238,2244],{"__ignoreMap":970},[975,2103,2104],{"class":977,"line":978},[975,2105,1115],{},[975,2107,2108],{"class":977,"line":984},[975,2109,2110],{},"    subgraph carriers[\"Physical data carriers\"]\n",[975,2112,2113],{"class":977,"line":990},[975,2114,2115],{},"        bc[\"Barcode (1974)\"]\n",[975,2117,2118],{"class":977,"line":996},[975,2119,2120],{},"        rfid[\"RFID at supply-chain scale (~1999)\"]\n",[975,2122,2123],{"class":977,"line":1002},[975,2124,2125],{},"        dm[\"DataMatrix (2000s)\"]\n",[975,2127,2128],{"class":977,"line":1008},[975,2129,2130],{},"        qr[\"QR (2010s)\"]\n",[975,2132,2134],{"class":977,"line":2133},7,[975,2135,2136],{},"        nfc[\"NFC (2020s)\"]\n",[975,2138,2140],{"class":977,"line":2139},8,[975,2141,2142],{},"        iot[\"IoT / BLE (future)\"]\n",[975,2144,2146],{"class":977,"line":2145},9,[975,2147,2148],{},"    end\n",[975,2150,2152],{"class":977,"line":2151},10,[975,2153,2154],{},"    carriers --> events\n",[975,2156,2158],{"class":977,"line":2157},11,[975,2159,2161],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":2160},true,"\n",[975,2163,2165],{"class":977,"line":2164},12,[975,2166,2167],{},"    subgraph events[\"EPCIS 2.0 events — five dimensions\"]\n",[975,2169,2171],{"class":977,"line":2170},13,[975,2172,2173],{},"        what[\"\u003Cb>What\u003C/b>\u003Cbr/>product ID\"]\n",[975,2175,2177],{"class":977,"line":2176},14,[975,2178,2179],{},"        when[\"\u003Cb>When\u003C/b>\u003Cbr/>timestamp\"]\n",[975,2181,2183],{"class":977,"line":2182},15,[975,2184,2185],{},"        where[\"\u003Cb>Where\u003C/b>\u003Cbr/>location · GLN\"]\n",[975,2187,2189],{"class":977,"line":2188},16,[975,2190,2191],{},"        why[\"\u003Cb>Why\u003C/b>\u003Cbr/>business step\"]\n",[975,2193,2195],{"class":977,"line":2194},17,[975,2196,2197],{},"        how[\"\u003Cb>How\u003C/b>\u003Cbr/>sensor data\"]\n",[975,2199,2201],{"class":977,"line":2200},18,[975,2202,2148],{},[975,2204,2206],{"class":977,"line":2205},19,[975,2207,2208],{},"    events --> apps\n",[975,2210,2212],{"class":977,"line":2211},20,[975,2213,2161],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":2160},[975,2215,2217],{"class":977,"line":2216},21,[975,2218,2219],{},"    subgraph apps[\"Application layer\"]\n",[975,2221,2223],{"class":977,"line":2222},22,[975,2224,2225],{},"        dpp[\"Digital Product Passport\"]\n",[975,2227,2229],{"class":977,"line":2228},23,[975,2230,2231],{},"        vc[\"Verifiable Credentials\"]\n",[975,2233,2235],{"class":977,"line":2234},24,[975,2236,2237],{},"        comp[\"Regulatory compliance\u003Cbr/>(ESPR, DSCSA, …)\"]\n",[975,2239,2241],{"class":977,"line":2240},25,[975,2242,2243],{},"        twin[\"Digital twin systems\"]\n",[975,2245,2247],{"class":977,"line":2246},26,[975,2248,2148],{},[575,2250,2252],{"id":2251},"why-epcis-is-the-glue","Why EPCIS Is the Glue",[502,2254,2255,2268],{},[505,2256,2257],{},[508,2258,2259,2262,2265],{},[511,2260,2261],{},"Aspect",[511,2263,2264],{},"Without EPCIS",[511,2266,2267],{},"With EPCIS",[521,2269,2270,2281,2292,2303,2314],{},[508,2271,2272,2275,2278],{},[526,2273,2274],{},"RFID data",[526,2276,2277],{},"RFID-specific format",[526,2279,2280],{},"Universal event",[508,2282,2283,2286,2289],{},[526,2284,2285],{},"QR scan",[526,2287,2288],{},"QR-specific handler",[526,2290,2291],{},"Same universal event",[508,2293,2294,2297,2300],{},[526,2295,2296],{},"IoT sensor",[526,2298,2299],{},"IoT platform silo",[526,2301,2302],{},"Sensor data in event",[508,2304,2305,2308,2311],{},[526,2306,2307],{},"Cross-system",[526,2309,2310],{},"Custom integrations",[526,2312,2313],{},"Standard API",[508,2315,2316,2319,2322],{},[526,2317,2318],{},"New tech",[526,2320,2321],{},"Rebuild everything",[526,2323,2324],{},"Plug into existing",[575,2326,2328],{"id":2327},"the-five-dimensions","The Five Dimensions",[495,2330,2331],{},"EPCIS captures events across five dimensions:",[495,2333,2334,2337,2338,2341,2342,2345,2346,2349,2350,2353],{},[529,2335,2336],{},"What:"," Product identifiers (GTIN, SGTIN, SSCC)\n",[529,2339,2340],{},"When:"," Timestamp with timezone\n",[529,2343,2344],{},"Where:"," Location identifiers (GLN, geo-coordinates)\n",[529,2347,2348],{},"Why:"," Business context (bizStep, disposition)\n",[529,2351,2352],{},"How:"," Sensor data (temperature, humidity, conditions)",[575,2355,2357],{"id":2356},"the-how-dimension-epcis-20","The \"How\" Dimension (EPCIS 2.0)",[495,2359,2360],{},"EPCIS 2.0 added a place for sensor data on each event — temperature, humidity, location, whatever the auto-ID hardware reports. This enables:",[605,2362,2363,2366,2369,2372],{},[608,2364,2365],{},"Cold-chain monitoring (a sensor reading attached to every receive event).",[608,2367,2368],{},"Environmental-condition tracking across the supply chain.",[608,2370,2371],{},"Battery-free sensor tags that harvest energy from the RFID reader and report on every read.",[608,2373,2374],{},"Quality-assurance data captured at the point of the event rather than reconciled later.",[575,2376,2378],{"id":2377},"real-scenarios","Real Scenarios",[502,2380,2381,2394],{},[505,2382,2383],{},[508,2384,2385,2388,2391],{},[511,2386,2387],{},"Scenario",[511,2389,2390],{},"Data Carrier",[511,2392,2393],{},"EPCIS Event",[521,2395,2396,2407,2418,2429,2440],{},[508,2397,2398,2401,2404],{},[526,2399,2400],{},"RFID at warehouse door",[526,2402,2403],{},"RFID tag",[526,2405,2406],{},"ObjectEvent: bizStep=receiving, readPoint=dock-door-1",[508,2408,2409,2412,2415],{},[526,2410,2411],{},"QR scan by consumer",[526,2413,2414],{},"QR code",[526,2416,2417],{},"Query for product history via EPCIS repository",[508,2419,2420,2423,2426],{},[526,2421,2422],{},"NFC tap at store",[526,2424,2425],{},"NFC tag",[526,2427,2428],{},"AssociationEvent: linking product to customer",[508,2430,2431,2434,2437],{},[526,2432,2433],{},"IoT temperature alert",[526,2435,2436],{},"BLE sensor",[526,2438,2439],{},"ObjectEvent: sensorElement with temperature deviation",[508,2441,2442,2445,2448],{},[526,2443,2444],{},"Future wearable scan",[526,2446,2447],{},"AR glasses",[526,2449,2450],{},"Same EPCIS infrastructure, new carrier",[575,2452,2454],{"id":2453},"the-key-insight","The Key Insight",[2456,2457,2458],"blockquote",{},[495,2459,2460],{},"EPCIS doesn't care HOW you identify the product. It cares WHAT happened, WHEN, WHERE, WHY, and under what conditions (HOW).",[495,2462,2463],{},"This technology-agnostic design is why EPCIS scales from a barcode-only retailer to an RFID-heavy warehouse to an IoT-enabled smart factory.",[490,2465,2467],{"id":2466},"the-complete-stack","The Complete Stack",[495,2469,2470],{},"Here's how all the technologies fit together:",[965,2472,2474],{"className":967,"code":2473,"language":969,"meta":970,"style":970},"flowchart TD\n    L5[\"\u003Cb>5. Access — Selective disclosure\u003C/b>\u003Cbr/>who sees what, by role and context\u003Cbr/>BBS+ signatures · ZK-proofs\"]\n    L4[\"\u003Cb>4. Credentials — Verifiable Credentials (VCs)\u003C/b>\u003Cbr/>certifications, conformity assessments\u003Cbr/>cryptographic proof · issuer → holder → verifier\"]\n    L3[\"\u003Cb>3. Events — EPCIS 2.0\u003C/b>\u003Cbr/>what happened: tracking · tracing · transformation\u003Cbr/>five dimensions · technology-agnostic\"]\n    L2[\"\u003Cb>2. Identity — GS1 identifiers + DIDs\u003C/b>\u003Cbr/>GTIN, GLN, SSCC for products / locations / shipments\u003Cbr/>DIDs for organisations · GS1 Digital Link for resolution\"]\n    L1[\"\u003Cb>1. Physical — data carriers\u003C/b>\u003Cbr/>RFID · QR · DataMatrix · NFC · barcode · IoT sensors\u003Cbr/>carrier-agnostic · future-proof\"]\n    L5 --> L4 --> L3 --> L2 --> L1\n",[972,2475,2476,2480,2485,2490,2495,2500,2505],{"__ignoreMap":970},[975,2477,2478],{"class":977,"line":978},[975,2479,1115],{},[975,2481,2482],{"class":977,"line":984},[975,2483,2484],{},"    L5[\"\u003Cb>5. Access — Selective disclosure\u003C/b>\u003Cbr/>who sees what, by role and context\u003Cbr/>BBS+ signatures · ZK-proofs\"]\n",[975,2486,2487],{"class":977,"line":990},[975,2488,2489],{},"    L4[\"\u003Cb>4. Credentials — Verifiable Credentials (VCs)\u003C/b>\u003Cbr/>certifications, conformity assessments\u003Cbr/>cryptographic proof · issuer → holder → verifier\"]\n",[975,2491,2492],{"class":977,"line":996},[975,2493,2494],{},"    L3[\"\u003Cb>3. Events — EPCIS 2.0\u003C/b>\u003Cbr/>what happened: tracking · tracing · transformation\u003Cbr/>five dimensions · technology-agnostic\"]\n",[975,2496,2497],{"class":977,"line":1002},[975,2498,2499],{},"    L2[\"\u003Cb>2. Identity — GS1 identifiers + DIDs\u003C/b>\u003Cbr/>GTIN, GLN, SSCC for products / locations / shipments\u003Cbr/>DIDs for organisations · GS1 Digital Link for resolution\"]\n",[975,2501,2502],{"class":977,"line":1008},[975,2503,2504],{},"    L1[\"\u003Cb>1. Physical — data carriers\u003C/b>\u003Cbr/>RFID · QR · DataMatrix · NFC · barcode · IoT sensors\u003Cbr/>carrier-agnostic · future-proof\"]\n",[975,2506,2507],{"class":977,"line":2133},[975,2508,2509],{},"    L5 --> L4 --> L3 --> L2 --> L1\n",[575,2511,2513],{"id":2512},"what-this-stack-delivers","What This Stack Delivers",[502,2515,2516,2526],{},[505,2517,2518],{},[508,2519,2520,2523],{},[511,2521,2522],{},"Benefit",[511,2524,2525],{},"How the Stack Delivers",[521,2527,2528,2537,2547,2557,2567],{},[508,2529,2530,2534],{},[526,2531,2532],{},[529,2533,323],{},[526,2535,2536],{},"GS1 standards + UNTP alignment = global exchange",[508,2538,2539,2544],{},[526,2540,2541],{},[529,2542,2543],{},"Trust",[526,2545,2546],{},"VCs carry cryptographic proofs so every claim is independently verifiable",[508,2548,2549,2554],{},[526,2550,2551],{},[529,2552,2553],{},"Privacy",[526,2555,2556],{},"Selective disclosure = share only what's needed",[508,2558,2559,2564],{},[526,2560,2561],{},[529,2562,2563],{},"Future-proof",[526,2565,2566],{},"New carriers, same event model",[508,2568,2569,2574],{},[526,2570,2571],{},[529,2572,2573],{},"Enterprise-ready",[526,2575,2576],{},"Contextual access control for business reality",[490,2578,2580],{"id":2579},"openepcis-position","OpenEPCIS Position",[575,2582,2584],{"id":2583},"where-openepcis-fits","Where OpenEPCIS Fits",[495,2586,2587],{},"OpenEPCIS provides the event layer (Layer 3 in the stack above) with a GS1-native architecture:",[502,2589,2590,2600],{},[505,2591,2592],{},[508,2593,2594,2597],{},[511,2595,2596],{},"Characteristic",[511,2598,2599],{},"OpenEPCIS Approach",[521,2601,2602,2612,2622,2632,2646,2662],{},[508,2603,2604,2609],{},[526,2605,2606],{},[529,2607,2608],{},"Foundation",[526,2610,2611],{},"GS1 Web Vocabulary, EPCIS 2.0 standard",[508,2613,2614,2619],{},[526,2615,2616],{},[529,2617,2618],{},"Identifiers",[526,2620,2621],{},"GS1 Digital Link — reuses GS1 numbering already issued to members",[508,2623,2624,2629],{},[526,2625,2626],{},[529,2627,2628],{},"Format",[526,2630,2631],{},"JSON-LD for semantic interoperability",[508,2633,2634,2639],{},[526,2635,2636],{},[529,2637,2638],{},"VC / DID",[526,2640,2641,2642,2645],{},"Ships today via Keycloak's native OID4VCI / OID4VP / SIOPv2 stack. Wallet-agnostic by design — every OID4VC-compliant wallet works as a holder. Named EPCIS / DPP credential schemas and the capture-to-issuance pipeline are the next ",[1294,2643,2644],{"href":413},"roadmap"," item.",[508,2647,2648,2653],{},[526,2649,2650],{},[529,2651,2652],{},"UNTP Aligned",[526,2654,2655,2656,2658,2659],{},"A dozen property and three class equivalences via ",[972,2657,1288],{}," / ",[972,2660,2661],{},"owl:equivalentClass",[508,2663,2664,2669],{},[526,2665,2666],{},[529,2667,2668],{},"Open",[526,2670,2671],{},"Apache 2.0, no vendor lock-in, self-hostable",[575,2673,2675],{"id":2674},"what-openepcis-provides-today","What OpenEPCIS Provides Today",[495,2677,2678],{},[529,2679,2680],{},"Core Tools:",[605,2682,2683,2686,2689,2692],{},[608,2684,2685],{},"EPCIS repository and API",[608,2687,2688],{},"Format conversion (XML ↔ JSON-LD)",[608,2690,2691],{},"Event hash generator (integrity verification)",[608,2693,2694],{},"Test data generator",[495,2696,2697],{},[529,2698,2699],{},"DPP Vocabulary:",[605,2701,2702,2705,2708,2711],{},[608,2703,2704],{},"Battery DPP (EU Battery Regulation 2023/1542)",[608,2706,2707],{},"Textile DPP (EU Sustainable Textiles Strategy)",[608,2709,2710],{},"EUDR (EU Deforestation Regulation 2023/1115)",[608,2712,2713],{},"Electronics DPP (Repairability, WEEE, energy efficiency)",[575,2715,2717],{"id":2716},"where-the-stack-stands-today","Where the stack stands today",[495,2719,2720,2721,2724,2725,2727,2728,2731,2732,2735,2736,2739,2740,731],{},"OpenEPCIS already ships the ",[529,2722,2723],{},"identity"," layer (GS1 identifiers + Digital Link), the ",[529,2726,122],{}," layer (EPCIS 2.0) and the ",[529,2729,2730],{},"credential transport"," layer (Keycloak OID4VCI / OID4VP / SIOPv2 — every tenant realm is a Verifiable Credential Issuer; every OID4VC-compliant wallet works as a holder; ",[972,2733,2734],{},"sd-jwt-vc"," is the lead format for selective disclosure). The ",[529,2737,2738],{},"named-credential"," layer — published credential schemas for EPCIS events and DPP attestations, the bridge that mints a VC the moment the underlying capture or save happens, UNTP Digital Conformity Credential compatibility, and a globally-scoped issuer trust list — is the work in flight on the ",[1294,2741,2644],{"href":413},[495,2743,2744],{},"The build order is deliberate. Identity and events are nailed down against GS1; the credential transport is open, wallet-agnostic protocol (OID4VC) instead of a proprietary stack; the named-credential layer on top is then a question of schema + pipeline rather than re-architecture.",[490,2746,2748],{"id":2747},"resources","Resources",[575,2750,2752],{"id":2751},"standards-and-specifications","Standards and Specifications",[495,2754,2755],{},[529,2756,2757],{},"Core Standards:",[605,2759,2760,2769,2777,2785],{},[608,2761,2762,2768],{},[1294,2763,2767],{"href":2764,"rel":2765},"https://ref.gs1.org/standards/epcis/",[2766],"nofollow","GS1 EPCIS 2.0 Standard"," - Event model specification",[608,2770,2771,2776],{},[1294,2772,2775],{"href":2773,"rel":2774},"https://www.gs1.org/standards/gs1-digital-link",[2766],"GS1 Digital Link"," - Product identification and resolution",[608,2778,2779,2784],{},[1294,2780,2783],{"href":2781,"rel":2782},"https://www.w3.org/TR/vc-data-model/",[2766],"W3C Verifiable Credentials Data Model"," - Credential structure",[608,2786,2787,2792],{},[1294,2788,2791],{"href":2789,"rel":2790},"https://www.w3.org/TR/did-core/",[2766],"W3C Decentralized Identifiers (DIDs)"," - DID specification",[495,2794,2795],{},[529,2796,2797],{},"Trade Standards:",[605,2799,2800,2807,2815],{},[608,2801,2802,2806],{},[1294,2803,1164],{"href":2804,"rel":2805},"https://opensource.unicc.org/un/unece/uncefact/spec-untp",[2766]," - UN/CEFACT supply-chain transparency (moved to GitLab; the old GitHub repo is archived)",[608,2808,2809,2814],{},[1294,2810,2813],{"href":2811,"rel":2812},"https://www.iso.org/standard/85557.html",[2766],"ISO/IEC 19987"," - EPCIS standard (ISO version)",[608,2816,2817,2822],{},[1294,2818,2821],{"href":2819,"rel":2820},"https://www.iso.org/standard/85558.html",[2766],"ISO/IEC 19988"," - Core Business Vocabulary (ISO version)",[575,2824,2826],{"id":2825},"openepcis-documentation","OpenEPCIS Documentation",[605,2828,2829,2835,2840,2845],{},[608,2830,2831,2834],{},[1294,2832,2833],{"href":41},"EPCIS 2.0 Guide"," - Event model and dimensions",[608,2836,2837,2839],{},[1294,2838,204],{"href":205}," - DPP implementation",[608,2841,2842,2844],{},[1294,2843,1296],{"href":324}," - UNTP and standards alignment",[608,2846,2847,2849],{},[1294,2848,337],{"href":338}," - How QR scanning leads to DPP data",[575,2851,2853],{"id":2852},"external-resources","External Resources",[495,2855,2856],{},[529,2857,2858],{},"Industry Context:",[605,2860,2861,2869,2877],{},[608,2862,2863,2868],{},[1294,2864,2867],{"href":2865,"rel":2866},"https://www.autoidlabs.org/",[2766],"MIT Auto-ID Center history"," - Origins of EPCIS",[608,2870,2871,2876],{},[1294,2872,2875],{"href":2873,"rel":2874},"https://www.gs1.org/standards/epcis",[2766],"GS1 EPCIS resources"," - Implementation guides",[608,2878,2879,2884],{},[1294,2880,2883],{"href":2881,"rel":2882},"https://www.marketsandmarkets.com/Market-Reports/rfid-market-446.html",[2766],"RFID market analysis"," - Market data",[495,2886,2887],{},[529,2888,2889],{},"Emerging Technologies:",[605,2891,2892,2900],{},[608,2893,2894,2899],{},[1294,2895,2898],{"href":2896,"rel":2897},"https://w3c-ccg.github.io/ldp-bbs2020/",[2766],"BBS+ Signatures"," - Selective disclosure cryptography",[608,2901,2902,2907],{},[1294,2903,2906],{"href":2904,"rel":2905},"https://w3c-ccg.github.io/did-method-web/",[2766],"did:web Method Specification"," - Web-based DIDs",[2909,2910,2911],"style",{},"html .light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-light-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-light-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-light-text-decoration);}html.light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: 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