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and business editions.","lucide:layout-dashboard",{"title":569,"path":570,"stem":571,"description":572,"icon":573},"Architecture","\u002Fdocs\u002Fplatform-overview\u002Farchitecture","docs\u002F14.platform-overview\u002F01.architecture","How OpenEPCIS handles identity, isolation, events, and GS1 conformance — the four things that distinguish the platform.","lucide:cpu",{"title":575,"path":576,"stem":577,"description":578,"icon":579},"Feature Matrix","\u002Fdocs\u002Fplatform-overview\u002Ffeature-matrix","docs\u002F14.platform-overview\u002F02.feature-matrix","OpenEPCIS capabilities by edition, aligned to the relevant GS1 standards.","lucide:check-square",{"title":581,"path":582,"stem":583,"children":584,"description":586,"icon":587},"Modules","\u002Fdocs\u002Fplatform-overview\u002Fmodules","docs\u002F14.platform-overview\u002Fmodules\u002Findex",[585,588,595,603,611,617,623,629],{"title":581,"path":582,"stem":583,"description":586,"icon":587},"Seven module families that organise the OpenEPCIS platform — Resolver, Masterdata, EPCIS Events, Formats & Validation, Integration, Testdata, Platform.","lucide:layers",{"title":589,"path":590,"stem":591,"description":592,"icon":593,"tags":594},"GS1 Conformant Resolver","\u002Fdocs\u002Fplatform-overview\u002Fmodules\u002Fresolver","docs\u002F14.platform-overview\u002Fmodules\u002F01.resolver","Resolves GS1 Digital Link URIs to product information, masterdata, EPCIS endpoints, and twelve more standard link types.","lucide:link-2",[298,97,103,299,220],{"title":596,"path":597,"stem":598,"description":599,"icon":600,"tags":601},"GS1 Web Vocabulary & Masterdata","\u002Fdocs\u002Fplatform-overview\u002Fmodules\u002Fmasterdata","docs\u002F14.platform-overview\u002Fmodules\u002F02.masterdata","Web Vocabulary models, masterdata-to-resolver REST pattern, GS1 Germany Activate Plus \u002F GEPIR sync, and the event-driven masterdata bus.","lucide:database",[220,602,103,298,63],"masterdata",{"title":604,"path":605,"stem":606,"description":607,"icon":608,"tags":609},"EPCIS Events — Capture, Query, Subscriptions","\u002Fdocs\u002Fplatform-overview\u002Fmodules\u002Fepcis-events","docs\u002F14.platform-overview\u002Fmodules\u002F03.epcis-events","EPCIS 2.0 REST and SOAP, live streaming subscriptions, resilient pagination, OpenSearch event store.","lucide:activity",[39,16,31,65,610,35],"subscriptions",{"title":612,"path":613,"stem":614,"description":615,"icon":616},"Formats, Validation & Identity","\u002Fdocs\u002Fplatform-overview\u002Fmodules\u002Fformats","docs\u002F14.platform-overview\u002Fmodules\u002F04.formats","XML ↔ JSON-LD conversion, multi-layer validation, identifier translation, idempotent event hashing.","lucide:file-check",{"title":618,"path":619,"stem":620,"description":621,"icon":622},"Integration & Gateways","\u002Fdocs\u002Fplatform-overview\u002Fmodules\u002Fintegration","docs\u002F14.platform-overview\u002Fmodules\u002F05.integration","AS2 gateway for EDI partners, cloud storage, file service, natural-language AI assistant.","lucide:plug",{"title":624,"path":625,"stem":626,"description":627,"icon":628},"Testdata & Developer Tooling","\u002Fdocs\u002Fplatform-overview\u002Fmodules\u002Ftestdata","docs\u002F14.platform-overview\u002Fmodules\u002F06.testdata","Synthetic EPCIS test event generation, reference event collections, conformance test suite, SDKs.","lucide:wrench",{"title":630,"path":631,"stem":632,"description":633,"icon":634},"Platform, Build & Observability","\u002Fdocs\u002Fplatform-overview\u002Fmodules\u002Fplatform","docs\u002F14.platform-overview\u002Fmodules\u002F07.platform","How OpenEPCIS is built, deployed, and observed.","lucide:server",{"title":636,"path":637,"stem":638,"children":639,"description":641,"icon":29,"tags":649},"Vision","\u002Fdocs\u002Fvision","docs\u002F15.vision\u002Findex",[640],{"title":636,"path":637,"stem":638,"description":641,"icon":29,"tags":642},"How UNTP, DIDs, Verifiable Credentials, and EPCIS work together to create unified product identity infrastructure for the connected supply chain.",[643,644,645,406,343,646,647,648],"vision","digital-twin","did","rfid","industry-4-0","web-3-0",[643,644,645,406,343,646,647,648],{"title":651,"path":652,"stem":653,"children":654,"description":656,"icon":622},"API Reference","\u002Fdocs\u002Fapi-reference","docs\u002F16.api-reference\u002Findex",[655],{"title":651,"path":652,"stem":653,"description":656,"icon":622},"Interactive OpenAPI references for the GS1 Digital Link Resolver and the EPCIS 2.0 REST bindings.",[658],{"title":659,"path":660,"stem":661,"children":662,"page":674},"Blog","\u002Fblog","blog",[663,669],{"title":664,"path":665,"stem":666,"description":667,"icon":668},"The Web-based DPP doesn't need new infrastructure","\u002Fblog\u002Fdpp-stack-for-agents","blog\u002F01.dpp-stack-for-agents","Three GS1 standards — Digital Link, Web Vocabulary, Conformant Resolver — plus EPCIS 2.0 already cover the agent-facing layer of the Digital Product Passport.","heroicons-outline:newspaper",{"title":670,"path":671,"stem":672,"description":673,"icon":668},"Fascinating in Theory. It Just Doesn't Work in Practice.","\u002Fblog\u002Fblockchain-traceability","blog\u002F02.blockchain-traceability","Why blockchain is the wrong answer to traceability, and why it refuses to die anyway.",false,{"doc":676,"usedFallback":674},{"id":677,"title":678,"body":679,"description":456,"extension":905,"icon":457,"lastUpdated":906,"meta":907,"navigation":918,"path":454,"seo":920,"sitemap":921,"stem":455,"__hash__":925},"docsEN\u002Fdocs\u002F13.digital-data-management\u002F02.product-catalog.md","Managing Products",{"type":680,"value":681,"toc":894},"minimark",[682,687,704,707,711,721,728,760,768,775,781,786,791,794,797,813,819,830,833,839,845,856,867,870,874,886],[683,684,686],"h2",{"id":685},"the-product-list","The product list",[688,689,690,693,694,699,700,703],"p",{},[691,692,453],"strong",{}," lists every GTIN-keyed record in your tenant. Each row shows the product's thumbnail, name and GTIN, plus whichever columns you have ",[695,696,698],"a",{"href":697},"\u002Fdocs\u002Fdigital-data-management\u002Fgetting-started#finding-things","picked"," — brand, GPC code, access tier, or any other vocabulary term your records carry. Clicking a row opens the record in the ",[695,701,702],{"href":464},"passport editor","; the trash icon deletes it, after a confirmation that names exactly what will be removed.",[688,705,706],{},"So far, so much like any catalog application. What is different about DDM's catalog begins the moment you create a record.",[683,708,710],{"id":709},"creating-a-product","Creating a product",[688,712,713,716,717,720],{},[691,714,715],{},"Add Product"," opens a fresh passport, and the first thing DDM asks is not the product's name — it is the ",[691,718,719],{},"passport type",".",[688,722,723],{},[724,725],"img",{"alt":726,"src":727},"The passport type picker | Figure 1: Creating a product starts with choosing a passport type","\u002Fimg\u002F13.Digital-Data-Management\u002Fproduct-type-picker.png",[688,729,730,731,734,735,738,739,742,743,742,746,742,749,742,752,755,756,759],{},"Why does the type come first? Because in DDM, the form you fill in is not a fixed screen someone designed once. It is ",[691,732,733],{},"generated from a vocabulary"," — a formal, machine-readable description of which fields a product of this kind has, what each field means, and what values it may hold. The passport type selects that vocabulary. Choose ",[691,736,737],{},"Product"," and you get the generic GS1 Web Vocabulary profile, the right choice when no product-group regulation applies. Choose ",[691,740,741],{},"Battery",", ",[691,744,745],{},"Detergent Product",[691,747,748],{},"Electronic Device",[691,750,751],{},"Iron & Steel Product",[691,753,754],{},"Packaging (PPWR)"," or one of the three ",[691,757,758],{},"Textile"," types, and you get a form that already knows its regulation: the EU Battery Regulation's mandatory fields are marked mandatory, the recommended ones recommended, each traceable to the clause that demands it.",[688,761,762,763,767],{},"This is worth pausing on, because it explains a lot of what follows in this guide. Since the form is generated, it is always in step with the vocabulary — when the regulation profile gains a field, every deployment gains that field without anyone redesigning a screen. And since every field ",[764,765,766],"em",{},"is"," a vocabulary term, the data you enter is born interoperable: what you store is standard GS1 Web Vocabulary JSON-LD that any other compliant system can read.",[688,769,770,771,774],{},"Choose a type, press ",[691,772,773],{},"Generate form",", and the sections of the chosen vocabulary appear — for a battery, straight from the EU Battery Regulation profile:",[688,776,777],{},[724,778],{"alt":779,"src":780},"A new battery passport, freshly generated | Figure 2: The generated form for a new battery product — every field a vocabulary term","\u002Fimg\u002F13.Digital-Data-Management\u002Fproduct-new-battery.png",[688,782,783,784,720],{},"From here you continue in the ",[695,785,469],{"href":464},[787,788,790],"h3",{"id":789},"the-gtin-and-why-ddm-is-strict-about-it","The GTIN, and why DDM is strict about it",[688,792,793],{},"The GTIN you enter becomes the product's identity — it appears in the QR code, in every link, in the GS1 network. A mistake here is expensive, so DDM checks twice.",[688,795,796],{},"The first check is arithmetic: a GTIN's last digit is a check digit computed from the others, which is how a typo announces itself. DDM validates length and check digit as you type and, on a mismatch, tells you which digit it expected.",[688,798,799,800,803,804,807,808,812],{},"The second check is against reality: DDM asks ",[691,801,802],{},"Verified by GS1",", the global GS1 registry, whether this GTIN is actually registered and to whom. A verified GTIN shows its licensee right in the form — and if that licensee is the brand owner, one click adopts it into the record. An ",[764,805,806],{},"unverified"," GTIN blocks creation, and the reason is practical, not bureaucratic: a passport published under a GTIN that GS1 does not know is a passport the world cannot reliably find. The one exception is the GS1 test range — keys beginning with 952 are demo keys by definition, get a friendly note instead of a verification, and are how you experiment freely (see ",[695,809,811],{"href":810},"\u002Fdocs\u002Fdigital-data-management\u002Fresolver-domains#test-prefixes-952-range","test prefixes",").",[688,814,815],{},[724,816],{"alt":817,"src":818},"Verified by GS1 during creation | Figure 3: The GTIN checks out — the licensee appears inline and can be adopted as brand owner","\u002Fimg\u002F13.Digital-Data-Management\u002Fverify-gs1.png",[688,820,821,822,825,826,720],{},"If you do not have a GTIN at hand at all, the ",[691,823,824],{},"Draw"," button next to the field takes the next free number from your licensed GS1 company prefix — the mechanics of that pool are explained in ",[695,827,829],{"href":828},"\u002Fdocs\u002Fdigital-data-management\u002Fgs1-sync#the-gs1-company-prefix-pool","GS1 Germany Sync",[683,831,832],{"id":461},"Bulk import",[688,834,835,836,838],{},"Nobody types a catalog of five thousand products into a form. The upload icon next to ",[691,837,715],{}," imports records in bulk — for products, organizations and places alike.",[688,840,841],{},[724,842],{"alt":843,"src":844},"The bulk import dialog | Figure 4: Bulk import — CSV or JSON-LD, with a preview of the first rows before anything is written","\u002Fimg\u002F13.Digital-Data-Management\u002Fbulk-import.png",[688,846,847,848,851,852,855],{},"Two formats are accepted, and they serve different situations. ",[691,849,850],{},"CSV"," is for data coming out of spreadsheets and legacy systems — download the template for your record kind to see the expected columns. ",[691,853,854],{},"JSON-LD"," is for data that already speaks GS1 Web Vocabulary, for example an export from another passport system; it arrives with its full structure intact, nothing flattened into columns.",[688,857,858,859,862,863,866],{},"Before anything is written, the dialog shows a ",[691,860,861],{},"preview of the first five rows exactly as DDM parsed them",". This is the moment to catch a mis-mapped column — much cheaper here than after five thousand records. ",[691,864,865],{},"Confirm & Start Import"," then hands the file to a background job; you can keep working, and imported records appear in the list as they are written.",[688,868,869],{},"Imported rows pass the same validation as records saved by hand. A row with a broken check digit or a malformed field is rejected individually — it does not take the rest of the file down with it.",[683,871,873],{"id":872},"deleting-and-what-deletion-touches","Deleting, and what deletion touches",[688,875,876,877,880,881,885],{},"Deleting a product removes the catalog record, and with it everything the system derived from that record — most notably the resolver links that were generated from its data. Links you registered ",[764,878,879],{},"by hand"," on the same anchor survive, because they were never derived from the record in the first place; the ",[695,882,884],{"href":883},"\u002Fdocs\u002Fdigital-data-management\u002Flinksets#who-owns-a-link","linkset ownership model"," explains this boundary.",[688,887,888,889,893],{},"What deletion never touches is history: every save in a record's life created a version, and the ",[695,890,892],{"href":891},"\u002Fdocs\u002Fdigital-data-management\u002Fpassport-editor#versions--change-history","Versions tab"," keeps the record of what was published, by whom, and 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